Lipoxin A4 analogs

ABSTRACT

This invention is directed to lipoxin A 4  analogs of the following formula (II): 
                         
wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4  and R 5  are described herein. These analogs are useful in treating inflammatory and autoimmune disorders in humans. These analogs are also useful in treating pulmonary or respiratory tract inflammation in humans.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/279,084, filed Oct. 22, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,831,186, whichclaims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.60/338,684, filed Nov. 6, 2001, whereby the disclosure of bothapplications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to lipoxin A₄ analogs, their use in treatinginflammatory and autoimmune disorders and pulmonary and respiratorytract inflammation, and pharmaceutical compositions containing theanalogs and processes for their preparation.

2. Background of the Invention

Lipoxins, together with leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes,constitute a group of biologically active oxygenated fatty acidscollectively referred to as the eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are allsynthesised de novo from membrane phospholipid via the arachidonic acidcascade of enzymes. Since their initial discovery in 1984, it has becomeapparent that lipoxins, which are a structurally unique class ofeicosanoids, possess potent anti-inflammatory properties that suggestthey may have therapeutic potential (Serhan, C. N., Prostaglandins(1997), Vol. 53, pp. 107–137; O'Meara, Y. M. et al., Kidney Int.(Suppl.) (1997), Vol. 58, pp. S56–S61; Brady, H. R. et al., Curr. Opin.Nephrol. Hypertens. (1996), Vol. 5, pp. 20–27; and Serhan, C. N.,Biochem. Biophys. Acta. (1994), Vol. 1212, pp. 1–25). Of particularinterest is the ability of lipoxins to antagonise the pro-inflammatoryfunctions of leukotrienes in addition to other inflammatory agents suchas platelet activating factor, FMLP, immune complexes and TNFα. Lipoxinsare thus potent anti-neutrophil (PMN) agents which inhibit PMNchemotaxis, homotypic aggregation, adhesion, migration acrossendothelial and epithelial cells, margination/diapedesis and tissueinfiltration (Lee, T. H., et al., Clin. Sci. (1989), Vol. 77, pp.195–203; Fiore, S., et al., Biochemistry (1995), Vol. 34, pp.16678–16686; Papyianni, A., et al., J. Immunol. (1996), Vol. 56, pp.2264–2272; Hedqvist, P., et al., Acta. Physiol. Scand. (1989), Vol. 137,pp. 157–572; Papyianni, A., et al., Kidney Intl. (1995), Vol.47, pp.1295–1302). In addition, lipoxins are able to down-regulate endothelialP-selectin expression and adhesiveness for PMNs (Papyianni, A., et al.,J. Immunol. (1996), Vol. 56, pp. 2264–2272), bronchial and vascularsmooth muscle contraction, mesangial cell contraction and adhesiveness(Dahlen, S. E., et al., Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. (1988), Vo. 229, pp.107–130; Christie, P. E., et al., Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. (1992), Vol.145, pp. 1281–1284; Badr, K. F., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (1989),Vol. 86, pp. 3438–3442; and Brady, H. R., et al., Am. J. Physiol.(1990), Vol. 259, pp. F809–F815) and eosinophil chemotaxis anddegranulation (Soyombo, O., et al., Allergy (1994), Vol. 49, pp.230–234).

This unique anti-inflammatory profile of lipoxins, particularly lipoxinA₄, has prompted interest in exploiting their potential as therapeuticsfor the treatment of inflammatory or autoimmune disorders and pulmonaryand respiratory tract inflammation. Such disorders and inflammationwhich exhibit a pronounced inflammatory infiltrate are of particularinterest and include dermatologic diseases, such as psoriasis, andrheumatoid arthritis, and respiratory disorders, such as asthma.

As with other endogenous eicosanoids, naturally occurring lipoxins areunstable products which are rapidly metabolized and inactivated (Serhan,C. N., Prostaglandins (1997), Vol. 53, pp. 107–137). This has limitedthe development of the lipoxin field of research, particularly withrespect to in vivo pharmacological assessment of the anti-inflammatoryprofile of lipoxins. Several U.S. patents have issued directed tocompounds having the active site of lipoxin A₄, but with a longer tissuehalf-life. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,441,951 and 5,648,512, thedisclosures of which are incorporated in full by reference herein. Thesecompounds retain lipoxin A₄ receptor binding activity and the potent invitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties of natural lipoxins(Takano, T., et al., J. Clin. Invest. (1998), Vol. 101, pp. 819–826;Scalia, R., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (1997), Vol. 94, pp.9967–9972; Takano, T., et al., J. Exp. Med. (1997), Vol. 185, pp.1693–1704; Maddox, J. F., et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1997), Vol. 272, pp.6972–6978; Serhan, C. N., et al., Biochemistry (1995), Vol. 34, pp.14609–14615).

All of the references cited herein, including published patentapplications and journal articles, are incorporated in full by referenceherein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to potent, selective andmetabolically/chemically stable lipoxin A₄ analogs and their use intreating inflammatory or autoimmune disorders and pulmonary orrespiratory tract inflammation in mammals, particularly humans.

In one aspect, the invention is directed to compound of formula (I) orformula (II):

wherein:

-   each R¹, R² and R³ are independently halo, —OR⁶, —SR⁶, —S(O)_(t)R⁷    (where t is 1 or 2) or —N(R⁷)R⁸;-   or R¹ and R² together with the carbons to which they are attached    form a monocyclic heterocyclic structure selected from the    following:

-   or R¹ and R² together with the carbons to which they are attached    form the following bicyclic heterocyclic structure:

-    (where q is 0 to 3, p is 1 to 4 and each R¹⁵ is hydrogen, alkyl,    aralkyl or aryl);-   each R⁴ is —R⁹—R¹², —R⁹—R¹³—R¹¹, —R⁹—O—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—O—R¹²,    —R⁹—C(O)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—N(R⁷)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—S(O)_(t)—R¹⁰—R¹¹ (where t    is 0 to 2), or —R⁹—C(F)₂—R⁹—R¹¹;-   each R⁵ is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents    selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl    and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by one or more    substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy,    halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy);-   each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R⁷,    —C(S)R⁷, —C(O)OR¹⁴, —C(S)OR¹⁴, —C(O)N(R⁷)R⁸, or —C(S)N(R⁷)R⁸;-   each R⁷ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or    aralkyl;-   R⁸ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R⁷,    —C(O)OR¹⁴, or cycloalkyl (optionally substituted with one more    substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, —N(R⁷)₂,    and —C(O)OR⁷);-   each R⁹ is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched    alkylene chain;-   each R¹⁰ is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, a    straight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched    alkynylene chain or a cycloalkylene;-   each R¹¹ is independently —C(O)OR⁷, —C(O)N(R⁷)₂, —P(O)(OR⁷)₂,    —S(O)₂OR⁷, —S(O)₂N(H)R⁷ or tetrazole;-   R¹² is aryl (substituted by —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally    by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of    alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl    (substituted by —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally by one or    more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl,    alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy);-   R¹³ is a branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene    chain or a cycloalkylene; and-   R¹⁴ is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl;    as a single stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, a racemic    mixture of stereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or    as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another aspect, this invention is directed to pharmaceuticalcompositions useful in treating an inflammatory or autoimmune disorderin a mammal, particularly a human, wherein the composition comprises oneor more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s) and a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (II) asdescribed above.

In another aspect, this invention is directed to pharmaceuticalcompositions useful in treating pulmonary or respiratory tractinflammation in a mammal, particularly a human, wherein the compositioncomprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s) and atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula(II) as described above.

In another aspect, this invention is directed to methods of treating aninflammatory or autoimmune disorder in a mammal, particularly a human,wherein the method comprises administering to the mammal in need thereofa therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or (II)as described above.

In another aspect, this invention is directed to methods of treatingpulmonary or respiratory tract inflammation in a mammal, wherein themethod comprises adminstering to a mammal, particularly a human, in needthereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I)or formula (II):

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A. Definitions

As used herein the singular forms “a”, “and”, and “the” include pluralreferents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, “acompound” refers to one or more of such compounds, while “the enzyme”includes a particular enzyme as well as other family members andequivalents thereof as known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore,as used in the specification and appended claims, unless specified tothe contrary, the following terms have the meaning indicated:

“Alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radicalconsisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing nounsaturation, having from one to eight carbon atoms, and which isattached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, e.g., methyl,ethyl, n-propyl, 1-methylethyl (iso-propyl), n-butyl, n-pentyl,1,1-dimethylethyl (t-butyl), and the like. Unless stated otherwisespecifically in the specification, the alkyl radical may be optionallysubstituted by one or more substituents selected from the groupconsisting of cyano, nitro, —R⁹—OR⁶, —R⁹—N═N—O—R¹⁶, —R⁹—N(R⁶)₂,—R⁹—C(O)R⁶, —R⁹—C(O)OR⁶,—R⁹—C(O)N(R⁶)₂, —R⁹—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁶,—R⁹—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁶, —R⁹—S(O)_(t)OR⁶ (where t is 0 to 2), —R⁹—S(O)_(t)R⁶(where t is 0 to 2), —R⁹—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)₂ (where t is 0 to 2) where eachR⁶ and R⁹ is as defined above in the Summary of the Invention and eachR¹⁶ is hydrogen, alkyl or aralkyl. Unless stated otherwise specificallyin the specification, it is understood that such substitution can occuron any carbon of the alkyl group.

“Alkylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbonchain consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen, containing nounsaturation and having from one to eight carbon atoms, e.g., methylene,ethylene, propylene, n-butylene, and the like.

“Alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched monovalent hydrocarbon chainradical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing atleast one double bond, having from two to eight carbon atoms, and whichis attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, e.g., ethenyl,prop-1-enyl, but-1-enyl, pent-1-enyl, penta-1,4-dienyl, and the like.Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the alkenylradical may be optionally substituted by one or more substituentsselected from the group consisting of cyano, nitro, —R⁹—OR⁶,—R⁹—N═N—O—R¹⁶, —R⁹—N(R⁶)₂, —R⁹—C(O)R⁶, —R⁹—C(O)OR⁶, —R⁹—C(O)N(R⁶)₂,—R⁹—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁶, —R⁹—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁶, —R⁹—S(O)_(t)OR⁶ (where t is 0 to 2),—R⁹—S(O)_(t)R⁶ (where t is 0 to 2), —R⁹—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)₂ (where t is 0 to2) where each R⁶ and R⁹ is as defined above in the Summary of theInvention and each R¹⁶ is hydrogen, alkyl or aralkyl. Unless statedotherwise specifically in the specification, it is understood that suchsubstitution can occur on any carbon of the alkenyl group.

“Alkenylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbonchain consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen, containing at least onedouble bond and having from two to eight carbon atoms, e.g., ethenylene,prop-1-enylene, but-1-enylene, pent-1-enylene, hexa-1,4-dienylene, andthe like.

“Alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched monovalent hydrocarbon chainradical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing atleast one triple bond, having from two to eight carbon atoms, and whichis attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, e.g., ethynyl,prop-1-ynyl, but-1-ynyl, pent-1-ynyl, pent-3-ynyl, and the like. Unlessstated otherwise specifically in the specification, the alkynyl radicalmay be optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected fromthe group consisting of cyano, nitro, —R⁹—OR⁶, —R⁹—N═N—O—R¹⁶,—R⁹—N(R⁶)₂, —R⁹—C(O)R⁶, —R⁹—C(O)OR⁶, —R⁹—C(O)N(R⁶)₂, —R⁹—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁶,—R⁹—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁶, —R⁹—S(O)_(t)OR⁶ (where t is 0 to 2), —R⁹—S(O)_(t)R⁶(where t is 0 to 2), —R⁹—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)₂ (where t is 0 to 2) where eachR⁶ and R⁹ is as defined above in the Summary of the Invention and eachR¹⁶ is hydrogen, alkyl or aralkyl. Unless stated otherwise specificallyin the specification, it is understood that for radicals, as definedbelow, that contain a substituted alkynyl group that the substitutioncan occur on any carbon of the alkynyl group.

“Alkynylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbonchain consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen, containing at least onetriple bond and having from two to eight carbon atoms, e.g., ethynylene,prop-1-ynylene, but-1-ynylene, pent-3-ynylene, hexa-1,4-diynylene, andthe like.

“Alkoxy” refers to a radical of the formula —OR_(a) where R_(a) is analkyl radical as defined above, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy,1-methylethoxy (iso-propoxy), n-butoxy, n-pentoxy, 1,1-dimethylethoxy(t-butoxy), and the like.

“Amino” refers to the —NH₂ radical.

“Aryl” refers to a phenyl or naphthyl radical. Unless stated otherwisespecifically in the specification, the term “aryl” or the prefix “ar-”(such as in “aralkyl”) is meant to include aryl radicals which may beoptionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, aryl,aralkyl, cycloalkyl, —R⁹—OR⁶, —R⁹—N═N—O—R¹⁶, —R⁹—N(R⁶)₂, —R⁹—C(O)R⁶,—R⁹—C(O)OR⁶, —R⁹—C(O)N(R⁶)₂, —R⁹—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁶, —R⁹—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁶,—R⁹—S(O)_(t)OR⁶ (where t is 0 to 2), —R⁹—S(O)_(t)R⁶ (where t is 0 to 2),—R⁹—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)₂ (where t is 0 to 2) where each R⁶ and R⁹ is asdefined above in the Summary of the Invention and each R¹⁶ is hydrogen,alkyl or aralkyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in thespecification, it is understood that such substitution can occur on anycarbon of the aryl group.

“Aralkyl” refers to a radical of the formula —R_(a)R_(b) where R_(a) isan alkyl radical as defined above and R_(b) is an aryl radical asdefined above, e.g., benzyl, and the like. The aryl radical may beoptionally substituted as described above.

“Carboxy” refers to the —C(O)OH radical.

As used herein, compounds which are “commercially available” may beobtained from standard commercial sources including Acros Organics(Pittsburgh Pa.), Aldrich Chemical (Milwaukee Wis., including SigmaChemical and Fluka), Apin Chemicals Ltd. (Milton Park UK), AvocadoResearch (Lancashire U.K.), BDH Inc. (Toronto, Canada), Bionet(Cornwall, U.K.), Chemservice Inc. (West Chester Pa.), Crescent ChemicalCo. (Hauppauge N.Y.), Eastman Organic Chemicals, Eastman Kodak Company(Rochester N.Y.), Fisher Scientific Co. (Pittsburgh Pa.), FisonsChemicals (Leicestershire UK), Frontier Scientific (Logan Utah), ICNBiomedicals, Inc. (Costa Mesa Calif.), Key Organics (Cornwall U.K.),Lancaster Synthesis (Windham N.H.), Maybridge Chemical Co. Ltd.(Cornwall U.K.), Parish Chemical Co. (Orem Utah), Pfaltz & Bauer, Inc.(Waterbury CN), Polyorganix (Houston Tex.), Pierce Chemical Co.(Rockford Ill.), Riedel de Haen AG (Hannover, Germany), Spectrum QualityProduct, Inc. (New Brunswick, N.J.), TCI America (Portland Oreg.), TransWorld Chemicals, Inc. (Rockville Md.), and Wako Chemicals USA, Inc.(Richmond Va.).

As used herein, “methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art” maybe identified though various reference books and databases. Suitablereference books and treatise that detail the synthesis of reactantsuseful in the preparation of compounds of the present invention, orprovide references to articles that describe the preparation, includefor example, “Synthetic Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NewYork; S. R. Sandler et al., “Organic Functional Group Preparations,” 2ndEd., Academic Press, New York, 1983; H. O. House, “Modern SyntheticReactions”, 2nd Ed., W. A. Benjamin, Inc. Menlo Park, Calif. 1972; T. L.Gilchrist, “Heterocyclic Chemistry”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, NewYork, 1992; J. March, “Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanismsand Structure”, 4th Ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1992. Specificand analogus reactants may also be identified through the indices ofknown chemicals prepared by the Chemical Abstract Service of theAmerican Chemical Society, which are available in most public anduniversity libraries, as well as through on-line databases (the AmericanChemical Society, Washington, D.C., www.acs.org may be contacted formore details). Chemicals that are known but not commercially availablein catalogs may be prepared by custom chemical synthesis houses, wheremany of the standard chemical supply houses (e.g., those listed above)provide custom synthesis services.

As used herein, “suitable conditions” for carrying out a synthetic stepare explicitly provided herein or may be discerned by reference topublications directed to methods used in synthetic organic chemistry.The reference books and treatise set forth above that detail thesynthesis of reactants useful in the preparation of compounds of thepresent invention, will also provide suitable conditions for carryingout a synthetic step according to the present invention.

“Clathrates” as used herein refers to substances which fix gases,liquids or compounds as inclusion complexes so that the complex may behandled in solid form and the included constituent (or “guest” molecule)subsequently releases by the action of a solvent or by melting. The term“clathrate” is used interchangeably herein with the phrase “inclusionmolecule” or with the phrase “inclusion complex”. Clathrates used in theinstant invention are prepared from cyclodextrins. Cyclodextrins arewidely known as having the ability to form clathrates (i.e., inclusioncompounds) with a variety of molecules. See, for example, InclusionCompounds, edited by J. L. Atwood, J. E. D. Davies, and D. D. MacNicol,London, Orlando, Academic Press, 1984; Goldberg, I., “The Significanceof Molecular Type, Shape and Complementarity in Clathrate Inclusion”,Topics in Current Chemistry (1988), Vol. 149, pp. 2–44; Weber, E. etal., “Functional Group Assisted Clathrate Formation—Scissor-Like andRoof-Shaped Host Molecules”, Topics in Current Chemistry (1988), Vol.149, pp. 45–135; and MacNicol, D. D. et al., “Clathrates and MolecularInclusion Phenomena”, Chemical Society Reviews (1978), Vol. 7, No. 1,pp. 65–87. Conversion into cyclodextrin clathrates is known to increasethe stability and solubility of certain compounds, thereby facilitatingtheir use as pharmaceutical agents. See, for example, Saenger, W.,“Cyclodextrin Inclusion Compounds in Research and Industry”, Angew.Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. (1980), Vol. 19, pp. 344–362; U.S. Pat. No.4,886,788 (Schering AG); U.S. Pat. No. 6,355,627 (Takasago); U.S. Pat.No. 6,288,119 (Ono Pharmaceuticals); U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,969 (OnoPharmaceuticals); U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,780 (Ono Pharmaceuticals); U.S.Pat. No. 6,262,293 (Ono Pharmaceuticals); U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,347 (OnoPharmaceuticals); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,446 (Ono Pharmaceuticals).

“Cyclodextrin” refers to cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of at leastsix glucopyranose units which are joined together by α(1–4) linkages.The oligosaccharide ring forms a torus with the primary hydroxyl groupsof the glucose residues lying on the narrow end of the torus. Thesecondary glucopyranose hydroxyl groups are located on the wider end.Cyclodextrins have been shown to form inclusion complexes withhydrophobic molecules in aqueous solutions by binding the molecules intotheir cavities. The formation of such complexes protects the “guest”molecule from loss of evaporation, from attack by oxygen, visible andultraviolet light and from intra- and intermolecular reactions. Suchcomplexes also serve to “fix” a volatile material until the complexencounters a warm moist environment, at which point the complex willdissolve and dissociate into the guest molecule and the cyclodextrin.For purposes of this inveniton, the six-glucose unit containingcyclodextrin is specified as α-cyclodextrin, while the cyclodextrinswith seven and eight glucose residues are designated as β-cyclodextrinand γ-cyclodextrin, respectively. The most common alternative to thecyclodextrin nomenclature is the naming of these compounds ascycloamyloses.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to a stable monovalent monocyclic or bicyclichydrocarbon radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms,having from three to ten carbon atoms, and which is saturated andattached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, e.g.,cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, decalinyl and thelike. Unless otherwise stated specifically in the specification, theterm “cycloalkyl” is meant to include cycloalkyl radicals which areoptionally substituted by one or more substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkenyl, cyano, nitro, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclylalkyl, —R⁹—OR⁶, —R⁹—N═N—O—R¹⁶, —R⁹—N(R⁶)₂, —R⁹—C(O)R⁶,—R⁹—C(O)OR⁶, —R⁹—C(O)N(R⁶)₂, —R⁹—N(R⁶)C(O)OR¹⁶, —R⁹—N(R⁶)C(O)R⁶,—R⁹—S(O)_(t)OR⁶ (where t is 0 to 2), —R⁹—S(O)_(t)R⁶ (where t is 0 to 2),—R⁹—S(O)_(t)N(R⁶)₂ (where t is 0 to 2) where each R⁶ and R⁹ is asdefined above in the Summary of the Invention and each R¹⁶ is hydrogen,alkyl or aralkyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in thespecification, it is understood that such substitution can occur on anycarbon of the cycloalkyl group.

“Cycloalkylene” refers to a stable divalent monocyclic or bicyclichydrocarbon consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, having fromthree to ten carbon atoms, and which is saturated and attached to therest of the molecule by two single bonds, e.g., cyclopropylene,cyclobutylene, cyclopentylene, cyclohexylene, decalinylene and the like.Unless otherwise stated specifically in the specification, the term“cycloalkylene” is meant to include cycloalkylene moieties which areoptionally substituted by one or more substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, hydroxy, amino, and carboxy.

“Halo” refers to bromo, chloro, iodo or fluoro.

“Haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that issubstituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above, e.g.,trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl,1-fluoromethyl-2-fluoroethyl, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropyl,1-bromomethyl-2-bromoethyl, and the like.

“Haloalkoxy” refers to a radical of the formula —OR_(c) where R_(c) isan haloalkyl radical as defined above, e.g., trifluoromethoxy,difluoromethoxy, trichloromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy,1-fluoromethyl-2-fluoroethoxy, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropoxy,1-bromomethyl-2-bromoethoxy, and the like.

“Mammal” includes humans and domesticated animals, such as cats, dogs,swine, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, rabbits, and the like.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described eventof circumstances may or may not occur, and that the description includesinstances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in whichit does not. For example, “optionally substituted aryl” means that thearyl radical may or may not be substituted and that the descriptionincludes both substituted aryl radicals and aryl radicals having nosubstitution.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes both acid and base additionsalts.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt” refers to those saltswhich retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the freebases, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, and whichare formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromicacid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, andorganic acids such as acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, propionic acid,glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid,succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid,cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid,p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt” refers to those saltswhich retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the freeacids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These saltsare prepared from addition of an inorganic base or an organic base tothe free acid. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are notlimited to, the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium,magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum salts and the like.Preferred inorganic salts are the ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium,and magnesium salts. Salts derived from organic bases include, but arenot limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines,substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines,cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as isopropylamine,trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine,ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol,dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine,hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine,methylglucamine, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine,N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like. Particularly preferredorganic bases are isopropylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine,trimethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline and caffeine.

“Prodrugs” is meant to indicate a compound that may be converted underphysiological conditions or by solvolysis to a biologically activecompound of the invention. Thus, the term “prodrug” refers to ametabolic precursor of a compound of the invention that ispharmaceutically acceptable. A prodrug may be inactive when administeredto a subject in need thereof, but is converted in vivo to an activecompound of the invention. Prodrugs are typically rapidly transformed invivo to yield the parent compound of the invention, for example, byhydrolysis in blood. The prodrug compound often offers advantages ofsolubility, tissue compatibility or delayed release in a mammalianorganism (see, Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs (1985), pp. 7–9, 21–24(Elsevier, Amsterdam).

A discussion of prodrugs is provided in Higuchi, T., et al., “Pro-drugsas Novel Delivery Systems,” A.C.S. Symposium Series, Vol. 14, and inBioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, AmericanPharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which areincorporated in full by reference herein.

The term “prodrug” is also meant to include any covalently bondedcarriers which release the active compound of the invention in vivo whensuch prodrug is administered to a mammalian subject. Prodrugs of acompound of the invention may be prepared by modifying functional groupspresent in the compound of the invention in such a way that themodifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, tothe parent compound of the invention. Prodrugs include compounds of theinvention wherein a hydroxy, amino or mercapto group is bonded to anygroup that, when the prodrug of the compound of the invention isadministered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxy,free amino or free mercapto group, respectively. Examples of prodrugsinclude, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoatederivatives of alcohol and amine functional groups in the compounds ofthe invention and the like.

“Stable compound” and “stable structure” are meant to indicate acompound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a usefuldegree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into anefficacious therapeutic agent.

“Therapeutically effective amount” refers to that amount of a compoundof the invention which, when administered to a mammal, particularly ahuman, in need thereof, is sufficient to effect treatment, as definedbelow, for inflammatory or autoimmune disorders or pulmonary orrespiratory tract inflammation. The amount of a compound of theinvention which constitutes a “therapeutically effective amount” willvary depending on the compound, the inflammatory or autoimmune disorder,or pulmonary or respiratory tract inflammation, and its severity, andthe age of the mammal to be treated, but can be determined routinely byone of ordinary skill in the art having regard to his own knowledge andto this disclosure.

“Treating” or “treatment” as used herein covers the treatment of ainflammatory or autoimmune disorder in a mammal, preferably a human, orthe treatment of a pulmonary or respiratory tract inflammation in amammal, preferably a human, and includes:

(i) preventing the disorder or inflammation from occurring in a mammal,in particular, when such mammal is predisposed to the disorder but hasnot yet been diagnosed as having it;

(ii) inhibiting the disorder or inflammation, i.e., arresting itsdevelopment; or

(iii) relieving the disorder or inflammation, i.e., causing regressionof the disorder or inflammation.

The compounds of the invention, as a single stereoisomer, a mixture ofstereoisomers, or as a racemic mixture of stereoisomers; or as acyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, may contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus giverise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms thatmay be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)-or, as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids. The present invention is meant toinclude all such possible isomers, as well as, their racemic andoptically pure forms. Optically active (R)- and (S)-, or (D)- and(L)-isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, orresolved using conventional techniques. When the compounds describedherein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometricasymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that thecompounds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Likewise, alltautomeric forms are also intended to be included.

The nomenclature used herein is a modified form of the I.U.P.A.C.nomenclature system wherein the compounds of the invention are namedherein as derivatives of the hexadecanoic moiety. For example, thefollowing compound of formula (I) where R¹, R¹ and R³ are each —OR⁶(where R⁶ is hydrogen); R⁴ is —R⁹—O—R¹⁰—R¹¹ (where R⁹ is a direct bond,R¹⁰ is methylene and R¹¹ is —C(O)OH); and R⁵ is phenyl substituted atthe 4-position by fluoro, i.e.,

is named herein as(5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxa-7,9,11,13-hexadecatetraenoicacid. Unless otherwise indicated by the nomenclature, compound names areintended to include any single stereoisomer, enantiomer, racemate ormixtures thereof.

For purposes of this disclosure, in those compounds of the inventionwherein R¹ and R² together with the carbons to which they are attachedform the the following heterocyclic structures:

it is understood that the structures include the following reversestructures:

B. Utility of the Compounds of the Invention

The compounds of the invention are lipoxin A₄ analogs that have similarbiological activity of natural lipoxin A₄, but with an enhancedresistance to metabolic degradation. Accordingly, the compounds of theinvention are useful in treating inflammatory or autoimmune disorders inmammals, particularly in humans. In particular, the compounds of theinvention are useful in inhibiting acute or chronic inflammation or aninflammatory or autoimmune response that is mediated by neutrophils,eosinophils, T lymphocytes, NK cells or other immune cells whichcontribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory, immune or autoimmunediseases. The compounds are also useful in the treatment ofproliferative disorders including, but not limited to, those associatedwith derangements in the inflammatory or immune response, such ascancer. The compounds are also useful as inhibitors of angiogenicresponses in the pathogenesis of cancer.

Accordingly, the compounds can be used to treat the followinginflammatory or autoimmune disorders in mammals, particularly humans:anaphylactic reactions, allergic reactions, allergic contact dermatitis,allergic rhinitis, chemical and non-specific irritant contactdermatitis, urticaria, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, septic or endotoxicshock, hemorrhagic shock, shock-like syndromes, capillary leak syndromesinduced by immunotherapy of cancer, acute respiratory distress syndrome,traumatic shock, immune- and pathogen-induced pneumonias, immunecomplex-mediated pulmonary injury and chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease, inflammatory bowel diseases including ulcerative colitis,Crohn's disease and post-surgical trauma, gastrointestinal ulcers,diseases associated with ischemia-reperfusion injury including acutemyocardial ischemia and infarction, acute renal failure, ischemic boweldisease and acute hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke,immune-complex-mediated glomerulonephritis, autoimmune diseasesincluding insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis,rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus,acute and chronic organ transplant rejection, transplantarteriosclerosis and fibrosis, cardiovascular disorders includinghypertension, atherosclerosis, aneurysm, critical leg ischemia,peripheral arterial occlusive disease and Reynaud's syndrome,complications of diabetes including diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy andretinopathy, ocular disorders including macular degeneration andglaucoma, neurodegenerative disorders including delayedneurodegeneration in stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease,encephalitis and HIV dementia, inflammatory and neuropathic pain,including arthritic pain, periodontal disease including gingivitis, earinfections, migraine, benign prostatic hyperplasia, cancers including,but not limited to, leukemias and lymphomas, prostate cancer, breastcancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, renal carcinoma, head and necktumors and colorectal cancer.

The compounds are also useful in treating folliculitis induced byinhibitors of epidermal growth factor (EGF) or epidermal growth factorreceptor (EGFR) kinase used in the treatment of solid tumors. Clinicaltrials have revealed folliculitis (inflammation of the hair folliclemanifested by severe acne-like skin rash on the face, chest and upperback) as a major dose-limiting side effect of such treatments. Suchfolliculitis is associated with an infiltraiton of neutrophilssuggesting products secreted by activated neutrophils to be the cause ofthe inflammation. The lipoxin A₄ analogs of the instant inventioninhibit neutrophil or eosinophil-mediated inflammation, and aretherefore useful in treating such folliculitis, thereby improving thequality of life of the treated cancer patients but also allowing for theincrease of the dosage of the EGF inhibitor or EGFR kinase inhibitor orthe extension of the duration of the treatment, resulting in improvedefficacy of the desired inhibitor.

The compounds are also useful in the treatment of pulmonary andrespiratory inflammation, including, but not limited to, asthma, chronicbronchitis, bronchiolitis, bronchiolitis obliterans (including such withorganizing pneumonia), allergic inflammation of the respiratory tract(including rhinitis and sinusitis), eosinophilic granuloma, pneumonias,pulmonary fibroses, pulmonary manifestations of connective tissuediseases, acute or chronic lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonarydiseases, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and other non-infectiousinflammatory disorders of the lung characterized by eosinophilinfiltration.

For example, the compounds of the invention are useful in the inhibitionof: eosinophil-mediated inflammation of the lung or tissues;neutrophil-mediated inflammation of the lung; lymphocyte-mediatedinflammation of the lung; cytokine and chemokine production, includinginterleukin-5, interleukin-13 and eotaxin; lipid mediator generation,including prostaglandin E₂ and cysteinyl leukotrienes; airwayhyper-responsiveness; and airway and vascular inflammation.

C. Testing of the Compounds of the Invention

A hallmark of inflammation is the adhesion and transmigration acrossendothelium of neutrophils, eosinophils and other inflammatory cells. Asimilar process is observed for the migration of cells across polarizedepithelial cells that occur in the lung, gastrointestinal tract andother organs. Cell culture models of these processes are available andhave been used to show that lipoxin A₄ and stable lipoxin A₄ analogsinhibit the transmigration of human neutrophils across human endothelialcells and epithelial cells, including the human intestinal epithelialcell line T₈₄. Accordingly, one of ordinary skill in the art can testthe compounds of the invention for their ability to inhibit thetransmigration of human neutrophils and eosinophils across humanendothelial cells and epithelial cells by performing assays similar tothose described in Colgan, S. P., et al., J. Clin. Invest. (1993), Vol.92, No. 1, pp. 75–82 and Serhan, C. N., et al., Biochemistry (1995),Vol. 34, No. 44, pp. 14609–14615.

The air pouch model and/or the mouse zymosan-induced peritonitis modelmay be used to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of the compounds of theinvention in treating an inflammatory response. These are acuteexperimental models of inflammation characterized by infiltration ofinflammatory cells into a localized area. See, e.g., the in vivo assaysdescribed in Ajuebor, M. N., et al., Immunology (1998), Vol. 95, pp.625–630; Gronert, K., et al., Am. J. Pathol. (2001), Vol. 158, pp. 3–9;Pouliot, M., et al., Biochemistry (2000), Vol. 39. pp. 4761–4768; Clish,C. B., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1999), Vol. 96, pp.8247–8252; and Hachicha, M., et al., J. Exp. Med. (1999), Vol. 189, pp.1923–30.

Animal models (i.e., in vivo assays) may also be utilized to determinethe efficacy of the compounds of the invention in treating asthma andrelated disorders of the pulmonary and respiratory tract, including, butnot limited to, asthma. See, e.g., the assays described in De Sanctis,G. T. et al., Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999), Vol. 103, pp.507–515 and Campbell, E. M., et al., J. Immunol. (1998), Vol. 161, No.12, pp. 7047–7053.

D. Administration of the Compounds of the Invention

Administration of a compound of the invention, as a singlestereoisomers, a mixture of stereoisomers, or as a racemic mixture ofstereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in pure form or in anappropriate pharmaceutical composition, can be carried out via any ofthe accepted modes of administration or agents for serving similarutilities. Thus, administration can be, for example, orally, nasally,parenterally, pulmonary, topically, transdermally, or rectally, in theform of solid, semi-solid, lyophilized powder, or liquid dosage forms,such as for example, tablets, suppositories, pills, soft elastic andhard gelatin capsules, powders, solutions, suspensions, aerosols,patches, or the like, preferably in unit dosage forms suitable forsimple administration of precise dosages. The compositions will includea conventional pharmaceutical carrier or excipient and a compound of theinvention as the/an active agent, and, in addition, may include othermedicinal agents, pharmaceutical agents, carriers, adjuvants, etc.

Generally, depending on the intended mode of administration, thepharmaceutically acceptable compositions will contain about 0.1% toabout 99.9% by weight of a compound(s) of the invention, as a singlestereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, or as a racemic mixture ofstereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and 99.9% to 1.0% by weight ofa suitable pharmaceutical excipient. Preferably, the composition will beabout 5% to 75% by weight of a compound(s) of the invention, or as asingle stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, or as a racemic mixtureof stereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, with the rest being suitablepharmaceutical excipients.

The preferred route of administration is oral, using a convenient dailydosage regimen which can be adjusted according to the degree of severityof the disease-state to be treated. For such oral administration, apharmaceutically acceptable composition containing a compound(s) of theinvention, as a single stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, or as aracemic mixture of stereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathratethereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is formed bythe incorporation of one or more of the normally employedpharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s), such as, for example,pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, pregelatinizedstarch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, talcum, cellulose etherderivatives, glucose, gelatin, sucrose, citrate, propyl gallate, and thelike. Such compositions take the form of solutions, suspensions,tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained release formulations andthe like.

Preferably such compositions will take the form of capsule, caplet ortablet and therefore will also contain a diluent such as lactose,sucrose, dicalcium phosphate, and the like; a disintegrant such ascroscarmellose sodium or derivatives thereof, a lubricant such asmagnesium stearate and the like; and a binder such as a starch, gumacacia, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin, cellulose ether derivatives, andthe like.

The compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptablesalts, may also be formulated into a suppository using, for example,about 0.5% to about 50% active ingredient disposed in a carrier thatslowly dissolves within the body, e.g., polyoxyethylene glycols andpolyethylene glycols (PEG), e.g., PEG 1000 (96%) and PEG 4000 (4%).

Liquid pharmaceutically administrable compositions can, for example, beprepared by dissolving, dispersing, etc., a compound(s) of the invention(about 0.5% to about 20%), as a single stereoisomer, a mixture ofstereoisomers, or as a racemic mixture of stereoisomers; or as acyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, and optional pharmaceutical acceptable adjuvants in a carrier,such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, ethanoland the like, to thereby form a solution or suspension.

If desired, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention may alsocontain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting oremulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, antioxidants, and the like,such as, for example, citric acid, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamineoleate, butylated hydroxytoluene, etc.

Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will beapparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., (Mack Publishing Company, Easton,Pa., 1990). The composition to be administered will, in any event,contain a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of theinvention, as a single stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, or as aracemic mixture of stereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathratethereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treatmentof a disease-state characterized by inflammation in accordance with theteachings of this invention.

The compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptablesalts, are administered in a therapeutically effective amount which willvary depending upon a variety of factors including the activity of thespecific compound employed; the metabolic stability and length of actionof the compound; the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet ofthe patient; the mode and time of administration; the rate of excretion;the drug combination; the severity of the particular disease-states; andthe host undergoing therapy. Generally, a therapeutically effectivedaily dose is from about 0.14 mg to about 14.3 mg/kg of body weight perday of a compound of the invention, as a single stereoisomer, a mixtureof stereoisomers, or as a racemic mixture of stereoisomers; or as acyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof; preferably, from about 0.7 mg to about 10 mg/kg of body weightper day; and most preferably, from about 1.4 mg to about 7.2 mg/kg ofbody weight per day. For example, for administration to a 70 kg person,the dosage range would be from about 10 mg to about 1.0 gram per day ofa compound of the invention, as a single stereoisomer, a mixture ofstereoisomers, or as a racemic mixture of stereoisomers; or as acyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, preferably from about 50 mg to about 700 mg per day, and mostpreferably from about 100 mg to about 500 mg per day.

E. Preferred Embodiments

Of the compounds of the invention as set forth above in the Summary ofthe Invention, several groups of compounds are particularly preferred.

Accordingly, a preferred group of compounds of the invention are thosecompounds of formula (I):

wherein:

-   R¹, R² and R³ are each independently halo, —OR⁶, —SR⁶ or —N(R⁷)R⁸;-   each R⁴ is —R⁹—R¹², —R⁹—R¹³—R¹¹, —R⁹—O—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—O—R¹²,    —R⁹—C(O)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—N(R⁷)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—S(O)_(t)—R¹⁰—R¹¹ (where t    is 0 to 2), or —R⁹—C(F)₂—R⁹—R¹¹;-   R⁵ is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents    selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and    haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by one or more    substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy,    halo, and haloalkoxy);-   each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, —C(O)R⁷ or    —C(O)OR⁷;-   each R⁷ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;-   R⁸ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or cycloalkyl    (optionally substituted with one more substituents selected from the    group consisting of alkyl, —N(R⁷)₂, and —C(O)OR⁷);-   each R⁹ is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched    alkylene chain;-   each R¹⁰ is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, a    straight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched    alkynylene chain or a cycloalkylene;-   each R¹¹ is independently —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂;-   R¹² is aryl (substituted by —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally    by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of    alkyl, alkoxy, halo and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (substituted by    —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally by one or more substituents    selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo and    haloalkoxy);-   R¹³ is a branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene    chain or a cycloalkylene.

Of this group of compounds, a preferred subgroup of compounds is thatsubgroup of compounds wherein:

-   R¹, R² and R³ are each independently halo, —OR⁶, or —SR⁶;-   R⁴ is —R⁹—O—R¹⁰—R¹¹;-   R⁵ is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents    selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and    haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by one or more    substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy,    halo, and haloalkoxy);-   each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, alkyl aryl, or aralkyl;-   each R⁷ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;-   R⁹ is a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;-   R¹⁰ is an straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or    branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylene chain    or a cycloalkylene; and-   R¹¹ is —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂.

Of this subgroup of compounds, a preferred class of compounds is thatclass of compounds wherein:

-   R¹, R² and R³ are each —OR⁶;-   R⁴ is —R⁹—O—R¹⁰—R¹¹;-   R⁵ is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents    selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and    haloalkoxy);-   R⁶ is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;-   each R⁷ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;-   R⁹ is a direct bond;-   R¹⁰ is a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched    alkenylene chain, or a straight or branched alkynylene chain; and-   R¹¹ is —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂.

Of this class of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from thegroup consisting of the following compounds:

-   (5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxa-7,9,11,13-hexadecatetraenoic    acid, methyl ester; and-   (5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxa-7,9,11,13-hexadecatetraenoic    acid.

Another preferred group of compounds of the invention is that group ofcompounds of formula (II):

wherein:

-   R¹, R² and R³ are each independently halo, —OR⁶, —SR⁶ or —N(R⁷)R⁸;-   each R⁴ is —R⁹—R¹², —R⁹—R¹³—R¹¹, —R⁹—O—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—O—R¹²,    —R⁹—C(O)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R^(9—N(R) ⁷)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—S(O)_(t)—R¹⁰—R¹¹ (where    t is 0 to 2), or —R⁹—C(F)₂—R⁹—R¹¹;-   R⁵ is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents    selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and    haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by one or more    substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy,    halo, and haloalkoxy);-   each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, —C(O)R⁷ or    —C(O)OR⁷;-   each R⁷ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;-   R⁸ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or cycloalkyl    (optionally substituted with one more substituents selected from the    group consisting of alkyl, —N(R⁷)₂, and —C(O)OR⁷);-   each R⁹ is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched    alkylene chain;-   each R¹⁰ is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, a    straight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched    alkynylene chain or a cycloalkylene;-   each R¹¹ is independently —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂;-   R¹² is aryl (substituted by —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally    by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of    alkyl, alkoxy, halo and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (substituted by    —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally by one or more substituents    selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo and    haloalkoxy);-   R¹³ is a branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene    chain or a cycloalkylene.

Of this group of compounds, a preferred subgroup of compounds is thatsubgroup of compounds wherein:

-   R¹, R² and R³ are each independently halo, —OR⁶, or —SR⁶;-   R⁴ is —R⁹—O—R¹⁰—R¹¹;-   R⁵ is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents    selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and    haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by one or more    substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy,    halo, and haloalkoxy);-   each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;-   each R⁷ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;-   R⁹ is a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;-   R¹⁰ is an straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or    branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylene chain    or a cycloalkylene; and-   R¹¹ is —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂.

Of this subgroup of compounds, a preferred class of compounds is thatclass of compounds wherein:

-   R¹, R² and R³ are each —OR⁶;-   R⁴ is —R⁹—O—R¹⁰—R¹¹;-   R⁵ is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents    selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and    haloalkoxy);-   R⁶ is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;-   each R⁷ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;-   R⁹ is a direct bond;-   R¹⁰ is a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched    alkenylene chain, or a straight or branched alkynylene chain; and-   R¹¹ is —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂.

Of this class of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from thegroup consisting of the following compounds:

-   (5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic    acid, methyl ester;-   (5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic    acid;-   (5S,6S,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic    acid, methyl ester; and-   (5S,6S,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic    acid.

Of the methods of using the compounds of the invention as set forthabove in the Summary of the Invention, a preferred use of the compoundsis the treatment of psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, multiple sclerosis oracute hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke in humans. Another preferred use ofthe compounds is the treatment of asthma in humans.

F. Preparation of the Compounds of the Invention

It is understood that in the following description, combinations ofsubstituents and/or variables of the depicted formulae are permissibleonly if such contributions result in stable compounds.

It will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art that in theprocesses described below the functional groups of intermediatecompounds may need to be protected by suitable protecting groups. Suchfunctional groups include hydroxy, amino, mercapto and carboxylic acid.Suitable protecting groups for hydroxy include trialkylsilyl ordiarylalkylsilyl (e.g., t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl ortrimethylsilyl), tetrahydropyranyl, benzyl, and the like. Suitableprotecting groups for 1,2-dihydroxys include ketal- and acetal-forminggroups. Suitable protecting groups for amino, amidino and guanidinoinclude t-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, and the like. Suitableprotecting groups for mercapto include —C(O)—R (where R is alkyl, arylor aralkyl), p-methoxybenzyl, trityl and the like. Suitable protectinggroups for carboxylic acid include alkyl, aryl or aralkyl esters.

Protecting groups may be added or removed in accordance with standardtechniques, which are well-known to those skilled in the art and asdescribed herein.

The use of protecting groups is described in detail in Green, T. W. andP. G. M. Wutz, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (1991), 2nd Ed.,Wiley-Interscience. The protecting group may also be a polymer resinsuch as a Wang resin or a 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin.

It will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art, although suchprotected derivatives of compounds of formula (I) and formula (II), asdescribed above in the Summary of the Invention, may not possesspharmacological activity as such, they may be administered to a mammalhaving an inflammatory or autoimmune disorder, or a pulmonary andrespiratory tract inflammation, and thereafter metabolized in the bodyto form compounds of the invention which are pharmacologically active.Such derivatives may therefore be described as “prodrugs”. All prodrugsof compounds of formula (I) and (II) are included within the scope ofthe invention.

For convenience purposes, only compounds of the invention wherein R⁹ isa bond and R¹, R², and R³ are hydroxy are depicted in the followingReaction Schemes. It is also understood, however, that one of ordinaryskill in the art would be able to make the other compounds of theinvention in light of the following disclosure, including thePreparations and Examples, and information known to those of ordinaryskill in the chemical synthesis field.

1. Preparation of Compounds of Formula (D)

Compounds of formula (D) are intermediates in the preparation of theinvention. They are prepared as described below in Reaction Scheme 1:

Compounds of formula (A) and formula (Aa) are commercially available ormay be prepared according to methods known to those of ordinary skill inthe art.

In general, compounds of formula (D) are prepared by first treating acompound of formula (A) with a ketone of formula (Aa) in the presence ofan acid, preferably sulfuric acid, at ambient temperature for about 30minutes to about 2 hours, preferably for about 1.5 hours. The pH of theresulting reaction mixture is then adjusted to about pH 7.0 with anappropriate base. The compound of formula (B) is then isolated from thereaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as filtrationand concentration.

The compound of formula (B) in a protic solvent, preferably water, isthen treated with an appropriate reducing agent, preferably sodiumborohydride, at temperatures between about 0° C. and 5° C. The reactionmixture is stirred for about 1 hour to about 2 hours, preferably forabout 2 hours, before a mild acid is added to consume the excessreducing agent present and to adjust the pH to about pH 6.0. Theresulting reaction mixture is cooled to between about 0° C. and 5° C. Aglycol cleaving agent, such as sodium periodate, is then added to themixture. The resulting reaction mixture is stirred at ambienttemperature for about 1 hour to about 2 hours, preferably for about 2hours. The compound of formula (D) is then isolated from the reactionmixture by standard isolation techniques, such as organic extraction andconcentration.

Alternatively, other alkyl, aryl and aralkyl ketones may be used insteadof the ketone of formula (Aa) to form the ketal of formula (B). Inaddition, an appropriate aldehyde may be used intead of the ketone offormula (Aa) to form the corresponding acetal, which may be furthertreated as described herein to form the compound of formula (D). For adescription of various protecting groups for 1,2-diols, see Green, T. W.and P. G. M. Wutz, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (1991), 2ndEd., Wiley-Interscience.

2. Preparation of Compounds of Formula (M)

Compounds of formula (M) are intermediates in the preparation ofcompounds of the invention. They are prepared as described below inReaction Scheme 2 wherein R^(7a) is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, R¹⁰ is asdescribed above in the Summary of the Invention, each R¹⁴ isindependently hydrogen or alkyl, R^(14a) is hydrogen or alkyl, and X₁and X₂ are each independently halo:

Compounds of formula (E), formula (Ee), formula (H) and formula (K) arecommercially available, or may be prepared according to methods known tothose skilled in the art.

In general, compounds of formula (M) are prepared by first removingwater, if needed, from the compound of formula (E) by standardtechniques. The compound of formula (E), in an aprotic anhydroussolvent, such as acetone when each R¹⁴ is methyl and R^(14a) ishydrogen, is then treated with a compound of formula (Ea) in thepresence of an acid catalyst, such as dl-10-camphorsulfonic acid, atambient temperature. The reaction mixture is stirred for about 2 hoursto about 4 hours, preferably for about 3 hours, and then made basic bythe addition of a base, such as ammonia gas. The compound of formula (F)is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolationtechniques, such as filtration, concentration, organic extraction andconcentration.

An aqueous solution of the compound of formula (F) is then treated witha reducing agent, preferably cold sodium borohydride in water. Theresulting reaction mixture is stirred for about 3 hours to about 6hours, preferaby for about 5 hours, and then treated with an acid,preferably acetic acid, to remove excess borohydride and to adjust thepH to about 6.0. The compound of formula (G) is isolated from thereaction mixture by standard techniques, such as extraction of theaqueous layer and concentration thereof.

The compound of formula (G) is then treated with a compound of formula(H) in the presence of a base, preferably sodium hydroxide. The reactionmixture is stirred for about 6 hours to about 24 hours, preferably forabout 12 hours. The compound of formula (J) is isolated from thereaction mixture by standard isolation techniques and dissolved in anaprotic solvent, preferably dimethylformamide (DMF). A compound offormula (K) is then added to the solution, and the resulting mixture isstirred for about 6 hours to about 24 hours, preferably for about 12hours. The compound of formula (L) is then isolated from the reactionmixture by standard isolation techniques, such as salt wash, extractionand concentration.

The compound of formula (L) in water and a polar aprotic co-solvent,such as acetone, is treated with a glycol cleaving agent, such as sodiumperiodate. The compound of formula (M) was isolated from the reactionmixture by standard isolation techniques, such as extraction, salt washand concentration.

3. Preparation of Compounds of Formula (Q)

Compounds of formula (Q) are intermediates in the preparation of thecompounds of the invention. They are prepared as described below inReaction Scheme 3 wherein Ph is phenyl and PG₁ is a protecting group forthe triple bond, e.g., phenyldimethylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl, ortrimethylsilyl:

The compound of formula (N) is commercially available are may beprepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art.

In general, the Wittig reagent of formula (Q) is prepared by firstdehydrogenating the compound of formula (N) by treatment with anorganometallic compound, preferably n-butyllithium, at temperatures ofbetween −30° C. and −15° C., preferably at about −20° C. A protectinggroup, preferably trimethylsilyl, is then added to the compound understandard protecting group generation conditions. The protected compoundof formula (O) is isolated from the reaction mixture by standardisolation techniques, such as extraction of the organic layers andconcentration.

The compound of formula (O) in an aprotic solvent, preferablydicloromethane, is then treated with a brominating agent, such asN-bromosuccinimide, in the presence of triphenylphosphine attemperatures of between about −10° C. and about 0° C. The reactionmixture is allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred for about1 hour to about 3 hours, preferably for about 2 hours. The compound offormula (P) is isolated from the rection mixture by standard isolationtechniques, such as concentration and trituration with an inert organicsolvent, such as hexane.

The compound of formula (P) is then treated with a slight excess ofmolar amount of a triarylphosphine or trialkylphosphine, preferablytriphenylphosphine, under standard Wittig reagent forming conditions toform the phosphorus ylide of formula (Q) (the Wittig reaction reagent).

4. Preparation of Compounds of Formula (W)

Compounds of formula (W) are intermediates in the preparation of thecompounds of the invention. They are prepared as described below inReaction Scheme 4 wherein PG₁ is a protecting group, X₁ is a halo, R¹⁰is as described above in the Summary of the Invention, and R^(7a) andR^(7b) are each independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl:

Compounds of formula (D) and formula (Q) are prepared by methodsdisclosed herein. Compounds of formula (S) are commercially available,or may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in theart.

In general, compounds of formula (W) are prepared by first treating acompound of formula (D) with a slightly excess molar amount of acompound of formula (Q) under standard Wittig reaction conditions toform a compound of formula (R), which is isolated from the reactionmixture by standard isolation techniques.

The compound of formula (R) is then treated with a compound of formula(S) in an aprotic solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) in the presenceof a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, and at a temperature ofabout 50° C. to about 70° C., preferably at about 63° C. The reactionmixture is allowed to cool to ambient temperature. The compound offormula (T) was isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolationtechniques such as organic extraction and concentration.

The compound of formula (T) in an aprotic solvent, such as methylenechloride, is treated with elemental iodine at ambient temperature understandard conditions. The geometric isomer of formula (U) is isolatedfrom the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques.

The compound of formula (U) in an aprotic solvent, such as THF, is thendeprotected and hydrolyzed to the compound of formula (V) under standardde-protection and hydrolysis conditions. The compound of formula (V) isisolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques,such as extraction and concentration.

The compound of formula (V) in an aprotic solvent is then treated withan esterifying agent, such as trimethylsilyldiazomethane, under standardesterification conditions to form the compound of formula (W), which isisolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques,such as extraction, concentration and purification by chromatography.

5. Preparation of Compounds of Formula (Ta) and Formula (Ua)

Compounds of formula (Ta) and formula (Ua) are intermediates in thepreparation of the compounds of the invention and may be prepared asdescribed below in Reaction Scheme 5 wherein R^(7a) is alkyl, aryl oraralkyl, R¹⁰ is as described above in the Summary of the Invention, R¹⁴is alkyl and R^(14a) is hydrogen or alkyl:

Compounds of formula (Q) and formula (M) are prepared according tomethods disclosed herein.

In general, compounds of formula (Ua) are prepared by first treating acompound of formula (M) with a slightly excess molar amount of acompound of formula (Q) under standard Wittig reaction conditions toform a compound of formula (Ta), which is then treated with elementaliodine under similar conditions as described above to form compounds offormula (Ua). The compound of formula (Ua) is then treated in a similarmanner as described above for the compounds of formula (U) to form thecorresponding compound of formula (W) as described above.

6. Preparation of Compounds of Formula (DD)

Compounds of formula (DD) are intermediates in the preparation of thecompounds of the invention. They are prepared as described below inReaction Scheme 6 wherein R⁵ is as described above in the Summary of theInvention, and X₂ is halo:

Compounds of formula (X), N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine, ethynylmagnesiumbromide and 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride are commercially available, ormay be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art.

In general, compounds of formula (DD) are prepared by first treating acompound of formula (X) in an aprotic solvent, preferably methylenechloride, with an excess molar amount of an acyl halide reagent,preferably oxalyl chloride, at ambient temperature. The reaction mixtureis allowed to stir for about 6 hours to about 24 hours, preferably forabout 12 hours. The compound of formula (Y) is isolated from thereaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as concentrationin vacuo.

The compound of formula (Y) is then treated with an hydroxylamine,preferably, N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine or a 1,2-oxazolidine, in thepresence of an alkaline base, potassium carbonate, under standard amineacylation conditions. The compound of formula (Z) is isolated from thereaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as organicextraction and concentraiton.

The compound of formula (Z) in an aprotic solvent, preferably THF, isthen treated with the appropriate Grignard reagent, such as HC≡CMgBrunder standard conditions to form a compound of formula (AA), which isisolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques,such as organic solvent extraction, filtration and concentration. Thecompound of formula (AA) is then treated with a chiral reducing agentunder standard reducing conditions to form a compound of formula (BB),which is isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolationtechniques, such as filtration, concentration and purification by flashchromatography, as a mixture of enantiomers. The enantiomeric excess canbe determined by chiral analytical HPLC.

The enantiomeric excess is improved by recrystallization of an arylester formed by treating the compound of formula (BB) in an aproticsolvent, preferably methylene chloride, with an excess molar amount ofan aroyl halide, preferably 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride, at atemperature of between about −5° C. and 0° C., in the presence of abase, preferably triethylamine, and an activating amount ofdimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). The reaction mixture is stirred at ambienttemperature for about 30 minutes to 1 hour, preferably for 40 minutes.The compound of formula (BBa) is isolated from the reaction mixture bystandard isolation techniques, such as extraction, filtration andrecrystallization and is determined to have greater than 98%enantiomeric excess by analytical HPLC.

The compound of formula (BBa) in a protic solvent, preferably methanol,is treated with an alkaline base, preferably potassium carbonate. Thereaction mixture is stirred for about 3 hours to about 5 hours,preferably for about 3.5 hours and the reaction is then quenched by theaddition of acid, preferably acetic acid. The compound of formula (BB)having a 98% enantiomeric excess is isolated from the reaction mixtureby standard isolation techniques, such as filtration and concentrationof the filtrate.

The compound of formula (BB) is then treated with a halogenating agent,preferably N-bromosuccinimide, in the presence of a catalyst, such assilver nitrate, at ambient temperature. The compound of formula (CC) isthen isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolationtechniques, such as concentration in vacuo, filtration and elution withorganic solvents.

The compound of formula (CC) is then hydrogenated under standardhydrogenation conditions for triple bonds, such as treatment with areducing agent, preferably a mixture of lithium aluminum hydride andaluminum chloride, to form a compound of formula (DD), which is isolatedfrom the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques.

7. Preparation of Compounds of Formula (Ia), Formula (Ib) and Formula(IIa)

Compounds of formula (Ia), formula (Ib) and formula (IIa) are compoundsof the invention. They are prepared as described below in ReactionScheme 7 wherein R⁵ and R¹⁰ are as described above in the Summary of theInvention and R^(7b) is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl:

Compounds of formula (DD) and formula (W) are prepared by methodsdisclosed herein. Alternatively, compounds corresponding to compounds offormula (W) which are made from compounds of formula (Ua) may be used inthe above reaction scheme to produce corresponding compounds of theinvention.

In general, compounds of formula (Ia), formula (Ib) and formula (IIa)are prepared by first treating a compound of formula (DD) in an aproticsolvent, preferably THF, with a compound of formula (W) in an aproticsolvent, preferably THF, under standard Sonogashira coupling conditions,such as in the presence of copper iodide, an amine base and a palladiumcatalyst. The reaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature forabout 30 minutes to about 1 hour, preferably for about 45 minutes. Thecompound of formula (EE) is isolated from the reaction mixture bystandard isolation techniques, such as filtration, elution with organicsolvent and purification by chromatography.

The compound of formula (EE) in a protic solvent, preferably methanol,is then treated with an acid, preferably hydrochloric acid. The reactionmixture is stirred at ambient temperature for about 12 hours to about 48hours, preferably for about 48 hours. The compound of formula (IIa) isisolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques,such as adjusting the pH of the reaction mixture to pH 7.0 andpurification by reverse phase chromatography.

Compounds of formula (IIa) in a protic solvent, preferably methanol, isthen reduced to a compound of formula (Ia) by the method described inHelv. Chim. Acta. (1987). The compound of formula (Ia) is thenhydrolyzed to a compound of formula (Ib) under standard basic hydrolysisconditions.

In addition, compounds of formula (IIa) in a protic solvent, preferablymethanol, may then be hydrolyzed under standard basic hydrolysisconditions to form compounds of formula (IIa) herein R^(7b) is hydrogen.

8. Preparation of Compounds of Formula (IIb)

Compounds of formula (IIb) are compounds of the invention. They areprepared as described below in Reaction Scheme 8 wherein q, p, R⁵, R¹⁰,and R¹⁵ are as described above in the Summary of the Invention andR^(7b) is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl:

Compounds of formulae (E), (FF), (O), and (Sa) are commerciallyavailable or may be prepared according to methods disclosed herein or bymethods known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

In general, the compounds of formula (IIb) are prepared by firststirring a mixture of a compound of formula (E) and copper sulfate in acompound of formula (FF) under nitrogen while a strong acid, such assulfuric acid, is added to the reaction mixture. The resulting reactionmixture is warmed to ambient temperature, preferably to about 29° C.,and allowed to stir for a period of between about 8 hours and 16 hours,preferably for about 12 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered and theresulting filtrate is washed with an organic solvent, preferably ethylacetate. The filtrate is then treated with a base, preferably ammoniumhydroxide, and the resulting solid is removed by filtration. Thecompound of formula (GG) is isolated from the filtrate by standardisolation techniques, such as extraction by organic solvents and furtherfiltration.

An excess molar amount of a reducing agent, such as sodium borohydride,in a protic solvent, such as methanol, is then cooled to about 0° C. andthen treated with a compound of formula (GG) in a protic solvent, suchas methanol. The resulting reaction mixture is allowed to stir forbetween about 4 hours to about 8 hours, preferably for about 4 hours.Upon completion of the desired reaction, an acid, preferably aceticacid, is then added to the reaction mixture to consume the excessreducing agent and to adjust the pH of the reaction mixture to about pH6. The compound of formula (HH) is then isolated from the reactionmixture by standard isolation techniques, such as filtration,concentration of the solids, extraction by organic solvent, andprecipitation.

A mixture of a compound of formula (HH) and a compound of formula (Sa)in an aprotic solvent, such as toluene is then stirred as a alkalinebase, such as sodium hydroxide in water, is added. A phase transfercatalyst, such as tetrabutylammonium sulfate, is added to the reactionmixture and the reaction mixture is stirred for a period of aboutbetween 8 hours and 16 hours, preferably for about 12 hours. Thecompound of formula (JJ) is isolated from the reaction mixture bystandard isolation techniques, such as extraction by basic organicsolvents, concentration, and chromatography.

The compound of formula (JJ) in a polar organic solvent, such asacetone, is then treated with an excess molar amount of periodate inwater. The resulting reaction mixture is then stirred vigorously undernitrogen for a period of from about 4 hours to about 8 hours, preferablyfor about 4 hours. The solvent is removed in vacuo at ambienttemperature. The compound of formula (KK) is isolated from the reactionmixture by standard isolation techniques, such as extraction by organicsolvent and concentration of organic layers.

A compound of formula (Q) in an aprotic solvent, preferably THF iscooled to about −30° C. under anhydrous conditions and then treatedgradually with a strong base, preferably n-butyllithium. The reactionmixture is allowed to warm to about 0° C. and stirred for a period ofbetween about 15 minutes and 1 hour, preferably for about 15 minutes.The reaction mixture is then cooled to about −30° C. and then treatedwith an equimolar amount of a compound of formula (KK) in an aproticsolvent, preferably THF. The resulting reaction mixture is stirred for aperiod of between about 30 minutes to 2 hours, preferably for about 1hour at a temperature of about −30° C. The reaction was quenched by theaddition of an appropriate acid, such as potassium phosphate. Thecompound of formula (LL) is isolated from the reaction mixture bystandard isolation techniques, such as salt wash, concentration, andprecipitation.

The compound of formula (LL) is treated in a manner similar to thetreatment of the compound of formula (T) in Reaction Scheme 4 above toafford a compound of formula (MM), which is then treated in a mannersimilar to the treatment of the compound of formula (U) in ReactionScheme 4 above to afford a compound of formula (NN).

Compounds of formula (NN) are then treated with a compound of formula(DD) in a manner similar to that described for the treatment ofcompounds of formula (W) in Reaction Scheme 7 above to afford a compoundof formula (IIb).

9. Preparation of Compounds of Formulae (IIc) and (IId)

Compounds of formulae (IIc) and (IId) are the same as compounds offormula (IIa) described above, except that the starting material fromwhich they are prepared, i.e., compound of formula (IIb), is prepared bya different synthesis than the starting material for compounds offormula (IIa). Accordingly, the compounds of formulae (IIc) and (IId)are prepared as described below in Reaction Scheme 9 wherein q, p, R⁵,R¹⁰, and R¹⁵ are as described above in the Summary of the Invention andR^(7b) is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl:

Compounds of formula (IIb) are prepared as described above in ReactionScheme 8.

In general, compounds of formula (IIc) and (IId) are prepared by firsttreating a compound of formula (IIb) with an acid, such as acetic acid,preferably acetic acid, preferably diluted with an organic solvent, suchas ethyl acetate, at temperatures of between about 50° C. and about 60°C., preferably at about 50° C., for a period of between about 10 hoursand about 20 hours, preferably for a period of 20 hours. The organicreagents and solvents are removed by distillation in vacuo. The compoundof formula (IIc) is isolated from the reaction mixture by standardisolation techniques, such as extraction by organic solvents andconcentration. The compound of formula (IIc) is then treated tohydrolysis conditions and the compound of formula (IId) is then isolatedfrom the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such aschromatography.

In addition to the above described Reaction Schemes and the followingPreparations and Examples, other compounds of the invention may beprepared according to method known to those of ordinary skill in theart.

For example, compounds of the invention wherein R¹ is —SR⁶, —S(O)_(t)R⁷,or —N(R⁷)R⁸ (where R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are hydrogen) may be prepared bytreating the compound of formula (EE) or a compound of formula (U) (asdescribed above) with a suitable hydroxy-protecting agent to protect thefree hydroxy group, and then treating the protected compound of formula(EE) or compound of formula (U) with a suitable acid in order to cleavethe ketal. The resulting di-hydroxy compound may then be treated understandard acid hydrolysis conditions to form the corresponding lactone.The free hydroxy may then be derivatized to form a suitable leavinggroup, and subsequent substitution with the appropriately substitutedthiol or amine, followed by acid hydrolysis will form compound of theinvention wherein R¹ is —SR⁶, —S(O)_(t)R⁷, or —N(R⁷)R⁸.

Compounds of the invention wherein R³ is —SR⁶, —S(O)_(t)R⁷, or —N(R⁷)R⁸may be prepared by derivatizing the free hydoxy of a compound of formula(EE) to form a suitable leaving group, and then reacting the derivatizedcompound with the appropriately substituted nucleophile.

Compounds of the invention where R² is —SR⁶, —S(O)_(t)R⁷, or —N(R⁷)R⁸may be prepared by preparing the lactone as described above, and thenprotecting the free hydroxy as described above. The resulting compoundmay then be treated to standard acid hydrolysis conditions to form thecorresponding acid. The free hydroxy group may then be derivatized toform a suitable leaving group, and subsequent substitution with theappropriately substituted nucleophile, followed by de-protection willform compounds of the invention wherein R² is —SR⁶, —S(O)_(t)R⁷, or—N(R⁷)R⁸.

Compounds of the invention where R⁴ is —R⁹—N(R⁷)—R¹⁰—R¹¹ may be preparedby treating a compound of formula (F) as described above with anappropriately substituted amine under standard reductive aminationconditions and then treating the resulting compound in the mannerdescribed above to form the corresponding compound of the invention.Compounds of the invention where R⁴ is —R⁹—S(O)_(t)—R¹⁰—R¹¹ may beprepared by derivatizing the primary hydroxy of the compound of formula(G) as described above to form a suitable leaving group, and thenreacting the resulting compound with the appropriate thiol alkoxide toform the desired product, which can be further oxidized under standardoxidation conditions to form the desired sulfinyl and sulfonyl compound.

Compounds of the invention wherein R¹ and R² together with the carbonsto which they are attached form a monocyclic heterocyclic structureselected from the following:

may be prepared by treating a compound of formula (Ia) or (IIa) asdescribed above wherein R¹ and R² are independently selected fromhydroxy, thiol or amine with an appropriate acylating agent, such asphosgene, under acid conditions.

Compounds of the invention wherein R⁴ is —R⁹—R¹³—R¹¹ may be preparedaccording to the methods similar to those disclosed in Rodriguez, A. R.,et al., Tetrahedron Letters (2001), Vol. 42, pp. 6057–6060.

Compounds of the invention wherein R⁴ is —R⁹—R¹² may be prepared byderivatizing a compound of formula (G) as described above to form asuitable leaving group on the primary hydroxy, and then treating theresulting compound with an appropriate hydroxy protecting agent in orderto protect the remaining hydroxys. The leaving group can then bedisplaced with the appropriate aryl cuprate or Grignard reagent.

Compounds of the invention wherein R⁴ is —R⁹—O—R¹⁰—R¹¹ may be preparedaccording to methods described herein using the appropriatelysubstituted haloalkanoic acid salt, haloalkenoic acid salt, haloalkynoicacid salt or halocycloalkanoic acid salt. Alternatively, compoundwherein R¹⁰ is cycloalkylene may be prepared by alkylating thecorresponding alkenylene-containing compound with the appropriate alkyldihalide.

Compounds of the invention wherein R⁴ is —R⁹—O—R¹² may be prepared bytreating the compound of formula (G) with the appropriate haloaralkyl(where the halo is on the alkyl chain) under substitution conditions.

Compounds of the invention wherein R⁴ is —R⁹—C(O)—R¹⁰—R¹¹ may beprepared by hydrating the corresponding compound of the inventionwherein R⁴ is —R⁹—R¹³—R¹¹ wherein R¹³ is an alkenylene chain understandard hydration conditions to form the corresponding alcohol, andthen oxidizing the alcohol to the corresponding ketone.

Compounds of the invention wherein R⁴ is —R⁹—N(R⁷)—R¹⁰—R¹¹ or—R⁹—S(O)—R¹⁰—R¹¹ may be prepared in a similar manner as described abovefor compounds of the invention wherein R¹ and R² are —SR⁶, —S(O)_(t)—R⁷and —N(R⁷)R⁸.

Compounds of the invention wherein R⁴ is —R⁹—C(F)₂—R⁹—R¹¹ may beprepared from the corresponding ketone using the appropriatefluorinating agent, such as (diethylamino)sulfur trifluoride (DAST).

Compounds of the invention wherein R⁶ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R⁷,—C(S)R⁷, —C(O)OR¹⁴, or —C(S)OR¹⁴ may be prepared by reacting a compoundof formula (Ia) or (Ia) with the appropriate halide under standingsubstitution conditions. Compounds of the invention wherein R⁶ is—C(O)N(R⁷)R⁸ or —C(S)N(R⁷)R⁸ may be prepared by reacting a compound offormula (Ia) or (IIa) with the appropriately substituted isocyanate orisothiocyanate.

All compounds of the invention as prepared above which exist in freebase or acid form may be converted to their pharmaceutically acceptablesalts by treatment with the appropriate inorganic or organic base oracid. Salts of the compounds prepared above may be converted to theirfree base or acid form by standard techniques. It is understood that allpolymorphs, amorphous forms, anhydrates, hydrates, solvates and salts ofthe compounds of the invention are intended to be within the scope ofthe invention.

To prepare the cyclodextrin clathrates of this invention, the lipoxin A₄analogs of formula (I) and formula (II), or the lipoxin A₄ analogsdescribed and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,441,951; U.S. Pat. No.5,079,261; U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,512; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,897, asdefined above in the Summary of the Invention, can be dissolved in apharmacologically acceptable solvent, e.g., in an alcohol, preferablyethanol, in a ketone, e.g., acetone or in an ether, e.g., diethyl ether,and mixed with aqueous solutions of α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin orγ-cyclodextrin, preferably β-cyclodextrin, at 20° C. to 80° C.; or theacids of the lipoxin A₄ analogs as defined above in the Summary of theInvention in the form of the aqueous solutions of their salts (e.g., Na⁻or K⁻ salts) can be admixed with a cyclodextrin and after solution withthe equivalent amount of an acid (e.g., HCl or H₂SO₄) to afford thecorresponding cyclodextrin clathrate.

At this point or after cooling, the corresponding cyclodextrinclathrates separate in the form of crystals. However, it is alsopossible to convert oily and also crystalline compounds of formula (I)and/or formula (II), as defined above in the Summary of the Invention,by rather long stirring (e.g., for 1 hour to 14 days) at ambienttemperature, by treatment with an aqueous solution of cyclodextrins,into the corresponding cyclodextrin clathrate form. The clathrates canthen be isolated as solid, free-flowing crystals by suctioning off thesolvents and drying.

Cyclodextrins used in this invention are commercially available, forexample, from Aldrich Chemical Co., or can be prepared by methods knownto those skilled in the art. See, for example, Croft, A. P. et al.,“Synthesis of Chemically Modified Cyclodextrins”, Tetrahedron (1983),Vol. 39, No. 9, pp. 1417–1474. Suitable cyclodextrins will include awide variety of those which produce clathrates of the compounds offormula (I) and formula (II) as set forth above. See, for example, J. E.F. Reynolds (ed.) Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia 28th ed. ThePharmaceutical Press, London 1982, p. 333 and 389–390 and O.-A.Neumueller (ed.), Roempps Chemie-Lexikon, 8. Aufl. Franckh'scheVerlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1981, p. 763–764, 841, 1053–1054.

By selection of the suitable amounts of cyclodextrins and water it ispossible to obtain the new clathrates in a stoichiometric compositionwith a reproducible content of effective substance. The clathrates canbe used in a dry hygroscopic form or in a water-containing, but lesshygroscopic form. Typical molar ratios of cyclodextrin to a compound offormula (I) or a compound of formula (II) is 2:1(cyclodextrin:compound).

The following specific preparations and examples are provided as a guideto assist in the practice of the invention, and are not intended as alimitation on the scope of the invention.

Preparation 1 Compounds of Formula (B) and (D)

A. A slurry of D-ribose (50 g, 0.33 mol) in acetone (500 mL) was stirredat ambient temperature as concentrated sulfuric acid (1.25 mL) wasadded. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes to give a clearsolution and then stirred for an additional hour. The pH of the reactionmixture was adjusted to about pH 7 with calcium hydroxide (˜7.0 g). Theresulting slurry was filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate wasconcentrated to give 64.8 g of D-ribofuranose-3,4-acetonide, thecompound of formula (B) as a slightly colored oil, NMR: (CDCl₃) δ 1.30(s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H) 2.05 (s, 1), 3.7 (m, 3H), 4.38 (m, 1H), 4.56 (d,1H), 4.80 (d, 1H), 4.96 (d, 1H), 5.38 (d, 1H) ppm.

B. In a similar manner, compounds corresponding to the compound offormula (B) may be prepared.

C. A slurry of sodium borohydride (10.7 g, 0.34 mol) in water (0.75 L)was cooled in an ice bath and treated with theD-ribofuranose-3,4-acetonide (64.6 g, 0.34 mol) in water (1.25 L). Thereaction mixture was stirred for about 2 hours before the addition ofacetic acid (˜23 mL) to consume excess borohydride and to adjust the pHto about pH 6. The reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath before theaddition of sodium periodate (72.7 g, 0.34 mol) in portions. Thereaction mixture was stirred for about 2 hours at ambient temperature,concentrated under reduced pressure and extracted with ethyl acetate(3×). The combined ethyl acetate solutions were washed with brine, driedover sodium sulfate, and concentrated to give 47.4 g of(3,4-isopropylidene)erythrose, a compound of formula (D), as a colorlessviscous oil: NMR (DMSO) δ 1.22 (s, 3H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 3.28 (d, 1H), 3.78(m, 2H), 4.38 (d, 1H), 4.76 (m, 1H), 5.12 (m, 1H) ppm.

D. In a similar manner, other compounds of formula (D) may be prepared.

Preparation 2 Compounds of Formula (F), Formula (G), Formula (L) andFormula (M)

A. Solid L-rhamnose hydrate (100 g, 0.55 mol) was suspended in a 1:1mixture of acetone and toluene (1 L) and concentrated. The process wasrepeated three times using increasing higher concentration of toluene.The flask was placed under high vacuum to remove traces of toluene. Theanhydrous residue was dissolved in acetone (600 mL) and treated withmethoxypropene (68 mL, 0.71 mol), pyridinium tosylate (3 g) anddl-10-camphorsulfonic acid (3 g). The reaction was stirred at ambienttemperature for about 3 hours. The reaction mixture was basified bybubbling in ammonia gas and resulting solids were removed by filtration.The filtrate was concentrated and the syrupy liquid was dissolved inwater and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×). The combined organic layerswere washed with water (2×) and brine, dried, and concentrated to give102 g of (3,4-isopropylidene)rhamnose, a compound of formula (F), as aviscous oil; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.32 (m, 6H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 3.92 (m, 1H),4.05 (m, 1H), 4.59 (d, 1H), 4.87 (m, 1H), 5.2 (s, 1H) ppm.

B. A slurry of sodium borohydride (52 g, 1.4 mmol) in water (600 mL) wascooled in an ice bath and treated with the (3,4-isopropylidene)rhamnose(78 g, 0.38 mmol) in water (900 mL). The reaction mixture was stirredfor about 5 hours before the addition of acetic acid to consume excessborohydride and to adjust the pH to about pH 6 (about 130 mL). Theaqueous layer was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue (in aminimum amount of water) was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×). Thecombined organic layers were dried, and concentrated to give 70 g of5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane, acompound of formula (G), as a colorless viscous oil; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ1.23 (d, 3H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 3.37 (m, 1H), 3.7 (m, 3H),4.21 (m, 1H), 4.42 (m, 1H) ppm.

C. A solution of4-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane (63g, 0.33 mol) and sodium iodoacetate (75 g, 0.36 mol) in water wastreated with solid sodium hydroxide (16 g, 0.35 mol). The reactionmixture was stirred overnight and then washed with ethyl acetate andether. The aqueous layer was concentrated. The resulting residue wasdissolved in DMF (20 mL) and treated with iodomethane (37 mL, 0.6 mol).The resulting reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The reactionmixture was diluted with two volumes of salt water and extracted withethyl acetate (6×). The combined organic layers were dried, andconcentrated to give 20 g of2-[[(4S,5R)-5-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoicacid, methyl ester, a compound of formula (L), as a colorless viscousoil; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.27 (d, 3H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 3.57 (m,1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.8 (m, 2H), 4.13 (m, 2H), 4.4 (m, 2H) ppm.

D. A solution of2-[[(4S,5R)-5-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoicacid, methyl ester (20 g, 72 mmol) in acetone (20 mL) was diluted withwater (400 mL) and treated with solid sodium periodate (26.13 g, 122mmol). The reaction was analyzed by TLC and was complete after stirringfor 1 hour. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×).The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried, andconcentrated to give 12.6 g of2-[[(4S,5S)-5-formyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoicacid, methyl ester, a compound of formula (M), as a slightly yellowviscous oil; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.57 (s, 3H), 3.75 (m, 2H),3.7 (s, 3H), 4.08 (m, 2H), 4.42 (m, 1H), 4.54 (m, 1H), 9.64 (d, 1H) ppm.

E. In a similar manner, the following compounds of formula (M) areprepared:

-   2-[[(4S,5S)-5-formyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoic    acid, ethyl ester;-   2-[2-[(4S,5S)-5-formyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]ethoxy]ethanoic    acid, ethyl ester;-   2-[2-[(4S,5S)-5-formyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]ethoxy]ethanoic    acid, methyl ester;-   2-[[(4S,5S)-5-formyl-2,2-diethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoic    acid, ethyl ester;-   2-[2-[(4S,5S)-5-formyl-2,2-diethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]ethoxy]ethanoic    acid, ethyl ester;-   2-[2-[(4S,5S)-5-formyl-2,2-diethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]ethoxy]ethanoic    acid, methyl ester;-   2-[[(4S,5S)-5-formyl-2-methyl-2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoic    acid, ethyl ester;-   2-[2-[(4S,5S)-5-formyl-2-methyl-2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]ethoxy]ethanoic    acid, ethyl ester;-   2-[2-[(4S,5S)-5-formyl-2-methyl-2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]ethoxy]ethanoic    acid, methyl ester;-   2-[[(4S,5S)-5-formyl-2-methyl-2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoic    acid, t-butyl ester; and-   2-[2-[(4S,5S)-5-formyl-2-methyl-2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]ethoxy]ethanoic    acid, t-butyl ester.

Preparation 3 Compounds of Formula (O), Formula (P) and Formula (Q)

A. A solution of 2E-pent-2-en-4-yn-1-ol (58 g, 0.7 mol) in anhydroustetrahydrofuran (THF) (1.0 L) under a nitrogen atmosphere in a 3.0 L4-neck round-bottom flask was mechanically stirred and cooled in a dryice/2-propanol bath as a solution of n-butyllithium in hexane (0.35 L,2M, 0.77 mol) was added at a rate to maintain a temperature below −20°C. After 20 minutes, neat chlorotrimethylsilane (93 g, 0.77 mol) wasadded. After 20 minutes, a solution of n-butyllithium in hexane (0.35 L,2M, 0.77 mol) was added at a rate to maintain a temperature below −20°C. After 10 minutes, neat chlorotrimethylsilane (93 g, 0.77 mol) wasadded. The reaction was allowed to warm to ambient temperature overabout 1 hour. The reaction was treated with saturated ammonium chlorideand diluted with hexane. The aqueous layer was washed with hexane. Thecombined organic extracts were washed with water and brine, dried andconcentrated. The residue was dissolved in THF (˜690 mL), treated with1N hydrochloric acid (75 mL), and stirred overnight. The aqueous layerwas separated and washed with ether. Combined organic layers were washedwith water (3×) and brine, dried and concentrated to give 106 g of anoil. The residue was distilled under vacuum through a 15 cm jacketedcolumn to obtain 72.6 g of 2E-5-trimethylsilylpent-2-en-4-yn-1-ol, acompound of formula (O), as a nearly colorless oil: b.p. 71–77° C./0.4mm Hg; ¹H-NMR (300 mHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.18 (s, 9H), 1.7 (bs, 1H), 4.18 (d,2H), 5.75 (d, 1H), 6.29 (dm, 1H) ppm.

B. N-Bromosuccinimide (85.3 g, 0.48 mol) was added in portions to anearly homogeneous solution of triphenylphosphine (128.2 g, 0.49 mol)and 2E-5-trimethylsilylpent-2-en-4-yn-1-ol (72.5 g, 0.47 mol) indichloromethane (600 mL) under nitrogen and cooled in a dryice/2-propanol bath to an initial temperature of below −20° C. Theinternal temperature of the reaction mixture was maintained at −10° C.to 0° C. throughout the addition by adjusting the rate of addition. Thebath was allowed to warm to ambient temperature. After 2 hours, thereaction was complete. The reaction mixture was concentrated undervacuum to a thick paste and the residue was triturated with hexane (250mL). The suspension was filtered and the solids and silica gel wererinsed with hexane (10×150 mL). The filtrate was concentrated undervacuum (30° C./60 mtorr) to obtain 44 g (89% yield) of1-bromo-5-trimethylsilylpent-2-en-4-yne, a compound of formula (P), as apale yellow oil: ¹H-NMR (300 mHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.19 (s, 9H), 3.95 (d, 2H),5.75 (d, 1H), 6.31 (dt, 1H) ppm.

C. Triphenylphosphine (64.1 g, 0.244 mol) was added to a solution of1-bromo-5-trimethylsilylpent-2-en-4-yne (44.26 g, 0.204 mol) in toluene(204 mL). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature under anitrogen atmosphere. After 3 days the suspension was diluted with methyltert-butyl ether (408 mL), stirred for 1 hour at ambient temperature,and the precipitate was collected by filtration. The filter cake waswashed with methyl tert-butyl ether and dried under vacuum at 30° C. toget 79 g of 2E-5-trimethylsilylpent-2-en-4-ynyltriphenyl-phosphoniumbromide, a compound of formula (Q), as an off-white powder: ¹H-NMR (300mHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.14 (s, 9H), 5.08 (dd, 2H), 5.91 (dt, 1H), 6.22 (dd, 1H),7.6–8.0 (m, 15 H); Anal. Calculated for C₂₆H₂₈BrPSi requires C, 65.13;H, 5.89; Br, 16.66; P, 6.46. found C, 64.95; H, 5.78; Br, 16.96; P,6.31.

D. In a similar manner, other compounds of formula (O) may be prepared.

Preparation 4 Compounds of Formula (R), Formula (T), Formula (U),Formula (V), Formula (L), Formula (MM), and Formula (NN)

A. A slurry of 2E-5-trimethylsilylpent-2-en-4-ynyltriphenylphosphoniumbromide (115 g, 0.24 mol) in THF (1 L) was stirred under nitrogen,cooled in a dry ice/2-propanol bath, and treated with a solution ofn-butyllithium in hexane (2M, 120 mL, 0.24 mol) via dropwise addition.After about 5 minutes, the cooling bath was removed and the temperatureof the reaction mixture was allowed to rise to <0° C. (internal). Thereaction mixture was placed again in a dry ice/2-propanol bath. Thereaction mixture was stirred as a solution of(2,3-isopropylidene)erythrose (36.6 g, 0.23 mol) in 200 mL of THF wasadded dropwise. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambienttemperature overnight. The reaction mixture was then cooled with dryice/2-propanol and treated with saturated NH₄Cl. The resulting aqueouslayer was washed with ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combinedand washed with water and brine solution, dried, treated with silica geland concentrated. Hexane/ethyl acetate (3:1) was added to the mixture toprecipitate impurities, and the solution was filtered and concentrated.The resulting residue was treated with ether and hexane (1:1), silicagel, filtered and concentrated to give 50 g of product. Purification bychromatography on silica gel using a gradient of ether in hexane gave13.9 g of a mixture of(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-6-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolaneand(4S,5R)-5-[(1Z,3E)-6-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolane,a compound of formula (R); NMR for (1Z,3E) isomer only: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ0.1 (s, 9H), 1.22 (s, 3H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.6 (m, 1H), 3.36 (m, 2H), 4.12(m, 1H), 4.93 (m, 1H), 5.4 (t, 1H), 5.51 (d, 1H), 6.03 (t, 1H), 6.67(dd, 1H) ppm.

B. A solution of a mixture of(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-6-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolaneand(4S,5R)-5-[(1Z,3E)-6-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolane(14 g, 50 mmol) and t-butyl bromoacetate (9.6 mL, 65 mmol) in 150 mL ofTHF was cooled in an ice bath and treated with solid sodium hydride(60%, 2.5 g, 65 mmol). The slurry was allowed to warm to ambienttemperature overnight. The reaction was analyzed by TLC and was about40% complete. The reaction was then heated in a 63° C. oil bath forabout 7 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool and was pouredinto a mixture of ice, ethyl acetate, and saturated ammonium chloride.The aqueous layer was washed with ethyl acetate (2×). The combinedorganic layers were washed with water and brine solution, dried, treatedwith silica gel and concentrated. Purification by chromatography onsilica gel using a gradient of ether in hexane gave 5.2 g of a mixtureof2-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-6-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoicacid, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester and2-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1Z,3E)-6-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoicacid, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester, a compound of formula (T); NMR for (1Z,3E) isomer only: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.01 (s, 9H), 1.22 (s, 3H), 1.28 (s,9H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 3.33 (m, 2H), 3.80 (m, 2H), 4.25 (m, 1H), 4.9 (m,1H), 5.35 (m, 1H), 5.48 (dd, 1H), 6.0 (t, 1H), 6.72 (dd, 1H) ppm.

C. A solution of a mixture of2-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-6-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoicacid, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester and2-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1Z,3E)-6-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoicacid, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester in methylene chloride was treated withiodine until a red color persisted. The mixture was allowed to standovernight. NMR analysis showed complete conversion. Reaction was treatedwith an aqueous solution of Na₂S₂O₄ and washed with water and brine,dried, treated with silica gel and concentrated to give 4.3 g of2-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-6-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoicacid, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester, a compound of formula (U), as a viscousoil; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.01 (s, 9H), 1.22 (s, 3H), 1.28 (s, 9H), 1.38 (s,3H), 3.33 (m, 2H), 3.80 (m, 2H), 4.25 (m, 1H), 4.5 (m, 1H), 5.43 (m,1H), 5.58 (dd, 1H), 6.23 (dd, 1H), 6.44 (dd, 1H) ppm.

D. In a similar manner and using the compound of formula (LL), thefollowing compound of formula (MM) was made:

-   1,1,-dimethylethyl{{(2S,3R)-3-[(1E,3E)-6-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]dec-2-yl]methoxy]ethanoate,    [α]_(D)=−14.351 (10.566 mg/cc in MeOH); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.15 (s,    9H), 1.3 (m, 2H), 1.4 (s, 9H), 1.6 (m, 8H), 3.45 (m, 2H), 3.92 (m,    2H), 4.34 (m, 1H), 4.62 (m, 1H), 5.54 (d, 1H), 5.72 (dd, 1H), 6.26    (dd, 1H), 6.56 (dd, 1H) ppm.

E. A solution of2-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-6-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoicacid, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester in THF was treated with a solution oftetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF in portions. The reaction mixture wasthen stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and1 N NaOH solution (1:1) and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture waspoured into a mixture of ethyl acetate and saturated ammonium chloride.The aqueous layer was washed with ethyl acetate (2×). The combinedorganic layers were washed with water and brine solution, dried, treatedwith silica gel and concentrated to give 2.8 g of2-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoicacid, a compound of formula (V), as an oil: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.37 (s,3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 3.06 (s, 1H), 3.49 (m, 2H), 4.06 (m, 2H), 4.37 (m,1H), 4.65 (t, 1H), 5.54 (d, 1H), 5.66 (dd, 1H), 6.28 (dd, 1H), 6.58 (dd,1H) ppm.

F. In a similar manner and using a compound of formula (MM), thefollowing compound of formula (NN) was prepared:

-   1,1,-dimethylethyl{{(2S,3R)-3-[(1E,3E)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]dec-2-yl]methoxy]ethanoate,    ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.3 (m, 2H), 1.4 (s, 9H), 1.6 (m, 8H), 3.02 (m,    2H), 3.05 (m, 2H), 3.96 (m, 2H), 4.38 (q, 1H), 4.66 (t, 1H), 5.54    (dd, 1H), 5.78 (dd, 1H), 6.33 (dd, 1H), 6.65 (dd, 1H) ppm.

G. A solution of2-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoicacid in THF was cooled in an ice bath and treated with a solution oftrimethylsilyldiazomethane in THF in portions. Excess diazomethane wasdecomposed with acetic acid and the mixture was diluted with ether andwashed with water, saturated sodium bicarbonate, water (2×), and brine,dried, treated with silica gel and concentrated. Purification bychromatography on silica gel using a gradient of ether in hexane gave0.9 g of2-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoicacid, methyl ester, a compound of formula (W), as an oil: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃)δ 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 3H), 3.06 (s, 1H), 3.49 (m, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H),4.16 (m, 2H), 4.42 (m, 1H), 4.65 (t, 1H), 5.60 (dd, 1H), 5.79 (dd, 1H),6.33 (dd, 1H), 6.65 (dd, 1H) ppm.

H. In a similar manner as described above, the following compoundscorresponding to the compounds of formula (W) are prepared.

-   2-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoic    acid, ethyl ester;-   2-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoic    acid, t-butyl ester;-   2-[2-[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]ethoxy]ethanoic    acid, ethyl ester;-   2-[2-[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]ethoxy]ethanoic    acid, t-butyl ester;-   2-[2-[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]ethoxy]ethanoic    acid, methyl ester;-   2-[3-[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]propoxy]ethanoic    acid, ethyl ester;-   2-[3-[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]propoxy]ethanoic    acid, t-butyl ester;-   2-[3-[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]propoxy]ethanoic    acid, methyl ester;-   4-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]butanoic    acid, ethyl ester;-   4-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]butanoic    acid, t-butyl ester;-   4-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]butanoic    acid, ethyl ester; and-   4-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]butanoic    acid, t-butyl ester.

Preparation 5 Compounds of Formula (Ta) and Formula (Ua)

A. A slurry of 5-trimethylsilylpent-2-en-4-ynyltriphenyl-phosphoniumbromide, a compound of formula (Q), (8.5 g, 17.7 mmol) in THF (120 mL)was stirred under nitrogen, cooled in a dry ice/acetonitrile bath, andtreated with a solution of n-butyllithium in hexane (2M, 8 mL, 16 mmol)via dropwise addition. The dry ice bath was replaced with an ice bathand the reaction mixture was stirred for about 15 minutes until ahomogeneous mixture was obtained. The dry ice bath was replaced and thereaction mixture was treated with a solution of2-[[(4S,5S)-5-formyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoicacid, methyl ester, a compound of formula (M), (3.7 g, 16 mmol) in 60 mLof THF. The reaction mixture was stirred in a dry ice bath for 1 hour,which was then replaced with the ice bath. After 1 hour, the reactionmixture was diluted with ether and monobasic potassium phosphate. Theaqueous layer was washed with ether. The combined organic layers werewashed with water and brine, dried, filtered through a pad of silicagel, and concentrated. A hexane/ethyl acetate (˜3:1 mixture) was addedto the residue to precipitate impurities. The residue was filtered andconcentrated. The resulting residue was treated with ether and hexane(1:1), followed by silica gel, filtration and concentration to give 9.2g of a 1:3 mixture of triphenylphosphine oxide and2-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1Z,3E)-6-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoicacid, methyl ester, a compound of formula (Ta); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.01(s, 9H), 1.2 (s, 3H), 1.33 (s, 3H), 3.33 (m, 2H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.90 (m,2H), 4.25 (m, 1H), 4.88 (m, 1H), 5.32 (t, 1H), 5.48 (d, 1H), 5.98 (t,1H), 6.68 (dd, 1H) ppm (NMR for ester only).

B. A solution of the above residue in methylene chloride was treatedwith sufficient quantity of iodine to maintain a red color and allowedto stand for 3 hours in the light. The reaction mixture was then treatedwith saturated aqueous sodium hyposulfite, dried with sodium sulfate,filtered through a pad of silica gel, and concentrated to give 4.53 g ofproduct. Chromatography on silica gel using a gradient of 5 to 100%ether in hexane gave 2.74 g of2-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-6-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoicacid, methyl ester, a compound of formula (Ua); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.01(s, 9H), 1.18 (s, 3H), 1.33 (s, 3H), 3.3 (m, 2H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.90 (m,2H), 4.25 (m, 11H), 4.48 (m, 1H), 5.46 (m, 11H), 5.58 (dd, 1H), 6.14 (t,11H), 6.44 (dd, 11H) ppm.

C. In a similar manner, other compounds of formula (Ua) may be prepared.

Preparation 6 Compounds of Formula (Y), Formula (Z), Formula (AA),Formula (BB), Formula (CC) and Formula (DD)

A. Oxalyl chloride (60 mL, 686 mmol) and dimethylformamide (DMF) (8drops, cat.) were added to a stirred suspension of2-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethanoic acid (97.3 g, 572 mmol) in dichloromethane(500 mL). After 22 hours, the mixture was concentrated under vacuum toobtain 108 g of 2-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethanoic acid chloride, a compound offormula (Y), as a yellow oil in quantitative yield; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ4.90 (s, 2H), 6.84 (m, 2H), 6.99 (m, 2H) ppm.

B. 2-(4-Fluorophenoxy)ethanoic acid chloride was added slowly to astirred suspension of N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (55.80 g,572 mmol) in saturated K₂CO₃ and ethyl acetate (375 mL). A moderatelyexothermic reaction occurred (larger scale reactions are cooled with anice bath), and after 20 minutes, the reaction mixture was partitionedbetween water and ether. The ether layer was washed with 1 M HCl andsaturated NaCl, and dried over MgSO₄. The dried solution was filteredand concentrated under vacuum to giveN-methoxy-N-methyl-2-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethanamide, a compound of formula(Z), as a yellow oil which solidified to an off-white crystalline solid,113.05 g (73% yield from starting acid); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃,400 mHz) δ 3.21(s, 3H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 6.87 (m, 2H), 6.95 (m, 2H) ppm.

C. A solution of ethynylmagnesium bromide (0.5 M in THF, 508 mL, 254mmol), was added slowly, as a stream down the side of the flask, to anice water cooled solution ofN-methoxy-N-methyl-2-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethanamide (20.00 g, 74 mmol) inTHF (100 mL). After an additional 30 minutes at 0° C., the reactionmixture was poured into a vigorously stirred mixture of 1M NaH₂SO₄ (1700mL) and ether (1 L). The layers were separated and the aqueous layerthen extracted with ether (700 mL). The combined organic phases werewashed with brine and dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated undervacuum. The residue was purified by eluting through a plug of silica gel(10 cm×3 cm) with 1:4 ether:pet. ether to afford 27.65 g (91% yield) of4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-1-butyn-3-one, a compound of formula (AA), as a lowmelting solid; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 3.40 (s, 1H), 4.70 (s, 2H), 6.85 (m,2H), 7.0 (t, 2H) ppm.

D. A solution of R-Alpine-Borane® (0.5 M in THF, 930 mL, 465 mmol) wasevaporated to dryness under vacuum to get about 150 g of a thick syrup.4-(4-Fluorophenoxy)-1-butyn-3-one (27.6 g, 155 mmol) was added and whenan exothermic reaction was observed, the reaction mixture was cooledwith an ice/water bath, then allowed to warm to ambient temperature.After two days, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. andacetaldehyde (26 mL, 465 mmol) was added to quench the excess reagent.After stirring at ambient temperature for 2 hours the reaction mixturewas placed under vacuum and stirred first at 0° C. for one hours, thenat 65° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambienttemperature and ether (300 mL) was added under nitrogen. Ethanolamine(30 mL, 465 mmol) was added drop-wise at 0° C. and the resultingreaction mixture was stored in the freezer overnight. The resultingprecipitate was removed by filtration and washed with cold ether. Thecombined filtrates were concentrated under vacuum. The crude product waspurified by flash chromatography on a 2.5 L column of silica gel with10–25% ethyl acetate in hexane as eluant to obtain 27 g of(3S)-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-3-hydroxy-1-butyne, a compound of formula (BB),in quantitative yield; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.56 (s, 1H), 4.10 (m, 2H), 4.78(m, 1H), 6.85 (m, 2H), 7.0 (m, 2H). This material was determined to beabout 64% ee based on chiral HPLC of its 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl ester (seebelow).

E. To a solution of (3S)-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-3-hydroxy-1-butyne (est.490 mmol) in methylene chloride (1 L) was added 3,5-dinitrobenzoylchloride (125 g, 539 mmol) at between −5° C. and 0° C., followed by slowaddition of triethylamine (10.8 mL, 77 mmol) and a catalytic amount ofdimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (20 mg). After the mixture was stirred atambient temperature for 40 minutes, the reaction mixture was cautiouslypartitioned between methylene chloride and aqueous NaHCO₃. The aqueouslayer was extracted with dichloromethane, and the combined organiclayers were washed with water and brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. Thesolution was filtered through a pad of silica gel with methylenechloride which gave crude product as a tan solid. Rapidrecrystallization from 99:1 mixture of methanol:acetic acid (5 L) gave101 g of the enantiomerically enriched product,(3S)-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-3-(3′,5′-dinitrobenzoyl)oxy-1-butyne, acompound of formula (BBa) as fluffy white needles. This material wasdetermined to have greater than 98% ee by analytical HPLC using a DiacelChiralpak AD® (4.6×250 mm, 60% 2-propanol/hexane, 1 mL/min), whichseparates the (R) (11.5 min) and the (S) (19.3 min) enantiomers; ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 2.65 (s, 1H), 4.40 (m, 2H), 6.05 (m, 1H), 6.90 (m, 2H), 7.0(t, 2H), 9.15 (s, 2H), 9.25 (s, 1H) ppm.

F. To a solution of(3S)-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-3-(3′,5′-dinitrobenzoyl)oxy-1-butyne (10.35 g,98% ee, 27.6 mmol) in THF (115 mL), was added methanol (115 mL) andK₂CO₃ (0.58 g). After stirring for 3.5 hours, the reaction mixture wasquenched with acetic acid (2 mL). The solvents were evaporated and theresulting slurry was filtered and the solid was washed with ether. Thefiltrate was concentrated and the filtration/ether wash sequence wasrepeated. Concentration gave 4.02 g of(3S)-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-3-hydroxy-1-butyne (98% ee), a compound offormula (BB); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.56 (s, 1H), 4.10 (m, 2H), 4.78 (m, 1H),6.85 (m, 2H), 7.0 (m, 2H).

G. A mixture of (3S)-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-3-hydroxy-1-butyne (2.5 g, 14mmol), N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) (2.74 g, 15.4 mmol) and AgNO₃ (0.12 g,0.7 mmol) in acetone (70 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature. Thepale solution became cloudy over 30 minutes. The mixture wasconcentrated under vacuum and the resulting residue was filtered througha plug of silica gel (1×5 cm) eluted with 1:4 ethyl acetate:hexane toobtain (3S)-1-bromo-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-3-hydroxy-1-butyne, a compoundof formula (CC), as a pale yellow oil containing some ethyl acetate,4.75 g (quant.); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 3.95–4.15 (m, 2H),4.75 (m, 1H), 6.86(m, 2H), 6.97 (m, 2H) ppm.

H. AlCl₃ (2.79 g, 21 mmol) was added in portions to a mixture of lithiumaluminum hydride (LAH) (1.06 g, 28 mmol) and ether (70 mL). A solutionof (3S)-1-bromo-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-3-hydroxy-1-butyne (14 mmol) inether (10 mL) was added cautiously. A vigorous reaction with evolutionof gas was observed. The mixture was warmed to reflux on a water bathfor 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0° C. andtreated with 2.8 mL water (slowly, vigorous reaction), 2.8 mL 15% NaOH,and finally 8.4 mL water. The resulting suspension was then stirred 10minutes, filtered and the solids were washed with THF and ether. Thesolution was concentrated under vacuum to afford 2.94 g (81% yield fortwo steps) of (1E, 3S)-1-bromo-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-3-hydroxy-1-butene, acompound of formula (DD); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 2.41 (t, 1H), 3.85 (dd, 1H),3.99 (dd, 1H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 6.31 (dd, 1H), 6.52 (dd, 1H), 6.83 (m, 2H),6.97 (t, 2H) ppm.

I. In a similar manner, other compounds of formula (DD) may be prepared:

Preparation 7 Compounds of Formula (EE)

A. In a flame dried flask, a solution of(1E,3S)-1-bromo-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-3-hydroxy-1-butene (0.84 g, 3 mmol),tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.13 g, 0.2 mmol) andcopper(I) iodide (60 mg, 0.3 mmol) in THF (50 mL) and diethylamine (5mL, 48 mmol) was carefully deoxygenated by bubbling in argon gas for 45minutes. The reaction was stirred as a solution of2-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoicacid, methyl ester, (0.9 g, 3.2 mmol) in THF (50 mL), which had beendeoxygenated by bubbling in argon for 45 minutes, was added. After about4 hours, the reaction was complete. The reaction mixture was dilutedwith hexane and filtered through a pad of silica gel and the silica gelwas eluted with ether. The combined filtrates were concentrated to givean oil. Purification by chromatography using a 20–75% gradient of etherin hexane gave 1.1 g of2-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E,7E,9S)-9-hydroxy-10-(4-fluorophenoxy)-1,3,7-decatrien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoicacid, methyl ester, a compound of formula (EE), as an oil; ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.5 (s, 3H), 3.52 (m, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.83(m, 2H), 4.13 (m, 2H), 4.44 (m, 1H), 5.74 (m, 1H), 5.76 (m, 2H), 6.05(m, 1H), 6.17 (m, 1H), 6.29 (m, 1H), 6.58 (dd, 1H), 6.88 (m, 4 H) ppm.

B. In a similar manner, other compounds of formula (EE) may be prepared:

Preparation 8 Compounds of Formula (GG)

A. A slurry of copper sulfate (175 g, 1.09 mol, 2 eq) and rhamnosehydrate (100 g, 0.55 mol) in freshly distilled cyclohexanone (330 g) wasstirred under nitrogen as concentrated sulfuric acid (1.5 mL) was addedat once. The reaction mixture was warmed to about 29° C. internal. Thereaction mixture was allowed to stir overnight. The reaction wasanalyzed by TLC (ethyl acetate) and was complete. The reaction mixturewas filtered through a pad of celite and the solid was washed with ethylacetate. The filtrate was treated with about 1.5 mL of concentratedammonium hydroxide to pH 7, and the resulting solid was removed byfiltration. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to givea colorless oil. The residue was dissolved in ether and treated withhexane and allowed to stand overnight. Resulting solid was isolated byfiltration and dried to give 92.3 g (0.31 mol, 57%) of(2R,3R)-3-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]decane-2-carboxaldehyde,as an off-white solid: [α]D=+0.457 (10.485 mg/cc MeOH); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ1.34 (d, 3H), 1.40 (m, 2H), 1.6 (m, 8H), 2.78 (d, 1H), 3.0 (s, 1 H), 3.9(m, 1H), 4.07 (m, 1H), 4.6 (d, 1H), 4.9 (m, 1H), 5.4 (s, 1H) ppm.

B. In a similar manner, other compounds of formula (GG) are prepared.

Preparation 9 Compounds of Formula (HH)

A. A slurry of sodium borohydride (34.2 g, 0.9 mol) in methanol (400 mL)was cooled in an ice bath and treated with(2R,3R)-3-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]decane-2-carboxaldehyde(92 g, 0.27 mol) dissolved in 200 mL of methanol. The reaction mixturewas stirred for about 4 hours. The reaction was complete and acetic acidwas added to consume excess borohydride and to adjust the pH to about 6(about 120 mL). The reaction mixture was concentrated and dissolved inethyl acetate. The resulting solid was removed by filtration. Thecombined filtrates were dried, and concentrated to give a slightlyyellow viscous oil. The residue was dissolved in ether and treated withhexane to precipitate the product. Solids were isolated by filtrationand dried to give 81.2 g of (2R,3S)α²-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]decane-2,3-dimethanol as anoff-white solid: [α]D=+5.494 (10.119 mg/cc MeOH); ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 1.28(d, 3H), 1.43 (m, 2H), 1.7 (m, 8H), 3.42 (dd, 1H), 3.7 (m, 3H), 4.25 (m,1H), 4.42 (dd, 1H) ppm.

B. In a similar manner, other compounds of formula (HH) are prepared.

Preparation 10 Compounds of Formula (JJ)

A. A mixture of (2R,3S)α²-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]decane-2,3-dimethanol (81 g, 0.32mol) and t-butyl bromoacetate (77 g, 0.39 mol, 1.2 eq) in 1 L of toluenewas stirred with a mechanical stirrer as 80 mL of sodium hydroxide inwater (25% by weight) was added. Phase transfer catalyst,tetrabutylammonium sulfate (7.8 g, 23 mmol, 0.07 eq), was added and thereaction mixture was stirred overnight and monitored by TLC. Thereaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and saturated aqueouspotassium phosphate monobasic. The combined organic layers were driedand concentrated to give a clear oil. Chromatography on 1 Kg of silicagel using a step gradient of 20% ether in hexane, 50% ether in hexane,and ether gave 34 g of pure product and 38 g of an impure fraction.Chromatography on the mixed fraction using a gradient of ether in hexanegave a pure fraction which was combined with the earlier fraction togive 50.8 g (44%) of 1,1-dimethylethyl [[(2S,3R)3-(1,3-dihydroxypropyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]dec-2-yl]methoxy]acetate asan oil: [α]D=+8.587 (10.301 mg/cc MeOH). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.24 (d, 3H),1.35 (m, 2H), 1.47 (s, 9H), 1.6 (m, 8H), 3.6 (m, 2H), 3.8 (m, 2H), 3.95(m, 2H), 4.32 (m, 1H), 4.4 (m, 1H) ppm.

B. In a similar manner, other compounds of formula (JJ) are prepared.

Preparation 11 Compounds of Formula (KK)

A. A solution of 1,1-dimethylethyl [[(2S,3R)3-(1,3-dihydroxypropyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]dec-2-yl]methoxy]acetate (50g, 138 mmol) in acetone (350 mL) was treated with a solution ofperiodate (50 g, 235 mmol, 1.7 eq) in water (1.2 L). The reactionmixture was stirred vigorously under nitrogen and monitored by TLC.After about 4 hours, the reaction was complete by TLC analysis. Acetonewas removed under reduced pressure without heating. The reaction mixturewas extracted with ethyl acetate (3×500 mL). The combined organic layerswere dried and concentrated under reduced pressure without heating togive 40 g of 1,1-dimethylethyl [[(2S,3S)3-formyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]dec-2-yl]methoxy]acetate as a clear oil:[α]_(D)=−1.142 (10.147 mg/cc in MeOH); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.38 (m, 2H),1.42 (s, 9H), 1.61 (m, 8H), 1.73 (m, 2H), 3.52 (dd, 1 H), 3.72 (dd, 1H), 3.88 (s, 2H), 4.38 (dd, 1 H), 4.52 (m, 1H), 9.62 (s, 11H) ppm.

B. In a similar manner, other compounds of formula (KK) are prepared.

Preparation 12 Compounds of Formula (LL)

A. A slurry of 2E-5-trimethylsilylpent-2-en-4-ynyltriphenyl-phosphoniumbromide, a compound of formula (Q), (67.1 g, 0.14 mol) in THF (875 mL)was stirred under nitrogen, cooled in a dry ice acetonitrile bath (−30°C. internal), and treated with a solution of n-butyllithium (66.5 mL,0.133 mol, 2M in hexane) via dropwise addition. The dry ice bath wasreplaced with an ice bath and the reaction was stirred for about 15minutes until a homogeneous, red-colored mixture was obtained. The dryice bath was replaced and the reaction mixture was cooled to about −30°C. The reaction mixture was treated with a solution of 1,1-dimethylethyl[[(2S,3S) 3-formyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]dec-2-yl]methoxy]acetate (40 g,0.127 mol) in 125 mL of THF. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hourwith the dry ice bath. With the internal temperature around −30° C., thereaction mixture was diluted with saturated potassium phosphate (pH=5).The aqueous layer was washed with ether (3×). Combined organic layerswere washed with water and brine, dried, treated with silica gel, andconcentrated. The residue was diluted with about 3:1 mixture of hexaneto ethyl acetate to precipitate the impurities. The resulting slurry wasfiltered and the solid was washed with the hexane/ethyl acetate mixture.The filtrate was concentrated. The procedure was repeated using amixture of ether and hexane (1:1) and treatment with silica gel to give50.29 g of 1,1-dimethylethyl[[(2S,3R)-3-[(1Z,3E)-6-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]dec-2-yl]methoxy]ethanoateas an oil. Proton NMR analysis of the product indicated a 2:1 mixture ofE,Z- to E,E-isomers. The data for the for the Z,E isomer can beextracted from the mixture: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.15 (s, 9H), 1.3 (m, 2H),1.4 (s, 9H), 1.6 (m, 8H), 3.45 (m, 2H), 3.92 (m, 2H), 4.34 (m, 1H), 5.02(m, 1H), 5.48 (dd, 1H), 5.6 (d, 1H), 6.16 (dd, 1H), 6.82 (dd, 1H) ppm.

B. In a similar manner, other compounds of formula (KK) are prepared.

EXAMPLE 1 Compounds of Formula (IIa)

A. A solution of2-[[(4S,5R)-5-[(1E,3E,7E,9S)-9-hydroxy-10-(4-fluorophenoxy)-1,3,7-decatrien-5-ynyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]ethanoicacid, methyl ester, (1.1 g, 1.8 mmol) in methanol (25 mL) was treatedwith 1 mL of 1 N hydrochloric acid and the reaction was stirred for 2days. The pH of the reaction was adjusted to neutrality. Purification onpreparative reverse phase semi-prep column using a gradient ofacetonitrile in water yielded 1.1 g of(5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoicacid, methyl ester, as an oil; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 3.67 (m, 2H), 3.75 (s,3H), 3.83 (m, 1H), 3.95 (m, 1H), 4.13 (m, 2H), 4.37 (m, 1H), 4.58 (m,1H), 5.73 (dd, 1H), 5.86 (dd, 1H), 6.04 (dt, 1H), 6.17 (m, 1H), 6.40 (m,1H), 6.58 (m, 1H), 6.9 (m, 4H) ppm.

B. In a similar manner, the following compound of formula (IIa) wasprepared:

-   (5S,6S,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic    acid, methyl ester.

C. A solution of(5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoicacid, methyl ester, (0.4 g, 0.95 mmol) in methanol (20 mL) was treatedwith 1 N NaOH (aq) (4 mL, 4 mmol) solution and shaken and allowed tostand for three hours. The reaction mixture was then treated withsaturated potassium monophosphate and poured onto an HP20 column.Elution with a gradient of methanol in water gave 0.35 g of(5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoicacid, which solidified upon standing; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 3.63 (m, 2H),3.667 (m, 1H), 3.91 (m, 2H), 4.113 (s, 2H), 4.150, (t, 1H), 4.498, (m,1H), 5.762 (dd, 1H), 5.953 (dd, 1H), 6.003 (dt, 1H), 6.202(dd, 1H),6.380 (dd, 1H), 6.596 (dd, 1H), 6.928 (m, 2H), 6.988 (m, 2H) ppm.

D. In a similar manner, the following compound of formula (IIa) wasprepared:

-   (5S,6S,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic    acid.

E. In a similar manner as described above, the following compounds offormula (II) are prepared:

-   (2E,5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxyhexadeca-2,7,9,13-tetraen-11-ynoic    acid;-   (2E,5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxyhexadeca-2,7,9,13-tetraen-11-ynoic    acid, methyl ester;-   (5R,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic    acid;-   (5R,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic    acid, methyl ester;-   (5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynamide;-   (5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynamide;-   (7S,8R,9E,11E,15E,17)-18-(4-fluorophenoxy)-7,8,17-trihydroxy-5-oxaoctadeca-9,11,15-trien-13-ynoic    acid;-   (7S,8R,9E,11E,15E,17S)-18-(4-fluorophenoxy)-7,8,17-trihydroxy-5-oxaoctadeca-9,11,15-trien-13-ynoic    acid, methyl ester;-   (5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-thiahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic    acid;-   (5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-azahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic    acid;-   (5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,15-dihydroxy-6-(methylamino)-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic    acid; and-   (5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,15-dihydroxy-6-amino-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic    acid.

F. The compounds of formula (IIa) as prepared above are treated with theappropriate acylating agent, such as phosgene, under acidic conditionsto yield the following compounds:

-   [[5-[(1E,3E,7E,9R)-10-(4-fluorophenoxy)-9-hydroxy-1,3,7-decatrien-5-ynyl]-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]acetic    acid;-   [[5-[(1E,3E,7E,9R)-10-(4-fluorophenoxy)-9-hydroxy-1,3,7-decatrien-5-ynyl]-2-oxo-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]methoxy]acetic    acid; and-   [[5-[(1E,3E,7E,9R)-10-(4-fluorophenoxy)-9-hydroxy-1,3,7-decatrien-5-ynyl]-2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl]methoxy]acetic    acid.

EXAMPLE 2 Compounds of Formula (IIb)

A. A solution of (1E,3S)-1-bromo-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-3-hydroxy-1-butene(16.6 g, 63 mmol), solid tetrakistriphenylphosphinePd(0) (3.67 g, 3mmol), and Cu(I) iodide (1.2 g, 6.3 mmol) in diethylamine (50 mL) andTHF (800 mL) was stirred and deoxygenated by bubbling argon through themixture for 90 minutes. Argon addition continued as a similarlydeoxygenated solution (argon bubbling) of 1,1-dimethylethyl[[(2S,3R)-3-[(1E,3E)-6-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-hexadien-5-ynyl]-1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]dec-2-yl]methoxy]ethanoate(23 g, 63 mmol) in 200 mL of THF was added dropwise over about 3 hours.The reaction was monitored by TLC analysis. After about an additional 2hours, the reaction was complete by TLC analysis. The reaction mixturewas diluted with hexane (about 400 mL), treated with silica gel (about40 g) and filtered. The solid was washed with a 1:1 solution of etherand hexane. The filtrate was concentrated to give 36.8 g of an oil. Theresidue was dissolved in ether, treated with hexane, and allowed tostand over the weekend. Highly colored material was removed byfiltration through a pad of silica gel and product eluted with ether.The desired fractions were concentrated to give an oil. Purification bychromatography on 1 Kg of silica gel using a 15–50% gradient of ether inhexane gave 16.9 g of 1,1-dimethylethyl[[(2S,3R)-3-[(1E,3E,7E,9S)-10-(4-fluorophenoxy)-9-hydroxyl-1,3,7-decatrien-5-ynyl]-1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]dec-2-yl]methoxy]ethanoateas an oil: [α]D=−21.174 (10.165 mg/cc in MeOH); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.3 (m,2H), 1.4 (s, 9H), 1.6 (m, 8H), 2.42 (s, 1H), 3.5 (d, 2H), 3.96 (m, 4H),4.38 (q, 1H), 4.58 (m, 1H), 4.66 (t, 1H), 5.72 (m, 1H), 5.78 (dd, 1H),6.03 (m, 1H), 6.16 (dd, 1H), 6.33 (dd, 1H), 6.58 (dd, 1H), 6.88 (m, 4H)ppm.

B. In a similar manner, other compounds of formula (IIb) are prepared.

EXAMPLE 3 Compounds of Formula (IIc) and Formula (IId)

A. A solution of 1,1-dimethylethyl[[(2S,3R)-3-[(1E,3E,7E,9S)-10-(4-fluorophenoxy)-9-hydroxyl-1,3,7-decatrien-5-ynyl]-1,4-dioxaspiro[4,5]dec-2-yl]methoxy]ethanoate (1 g, 2.8 mmol) in acetic acid (50 mL) was diluted with ethylacetate (50 mL) and placed in a 55° C. oil bath for 20 hours. Thereaction was complete by TLC analysis. Acetic acid and ethyl acetatewere removed by distillation under high vacuum. The residue was dilutedwith water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×). The combined organiclayers were washed with water, saturated aqueous sodium carbonate,water, and brine solution, dried and concentrated to give 0.9 g of anoil. Chromatography on an HP-20 column eluting with a gradient ofmethanol in water gave(5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoicacid, t-butyl ester (a compound of formula (IIc)). The combinedfractions were treated with 1 N sodium hydroxide solution (2 mL) andconcentrated. The reaction was complete by TLC after about 1 h andplaced on an HP20 column. Chromatography using a gradient of methanol inwater gave 0.3 g of(5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoicacid; which solidified upon standing; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 3.63 (m, 2H),3.667 (m, 1H), 3.91 (m, 2H), 4.113 (s, 2H), 4.150, (t, 1H), 4.498, (m,1H), 5.762 (dd, 1H), 5.953 (dd, 1H), 6.003 (dt, 1H), 6.202 (dd, 1H),6.380 (dd, 1H), 6.596 (dd, 1H), 6.928 (m, 2H), 6.988 (m, 2H) ppm.

B. In a similar manner, other compounds of formula (IIc) and formula(IId) are prepared.

EXAMPLE 4 Compounds of Formula (I)

A. Activated zinc was prepared from 10 g of zinc and the reductioncarried out using the procedure described in Helv. Chim. Acta (1987),Vol. 70, p. 1025). A solution of(5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoicacid, methyl ester, (0.8 g, 1.2 mmol) in methanol (4 mL) was added to aslurry of activated zinc in 1:1 methanol:water (45 mL). The flask wasstirred vigorously under nitrogen for 24–60 hours. The mixture wasfiltered through a pad of Celite 545 and rinsed with methanol (3×25 mL).Purification by chromatography on a reverse phase semi-prep column usinga gradient of acetonitrile and water afforded 55 mg of(5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxa-7,9,11,13-hexadecatetraenoicacid, methyl ester, as an oil; ¹H-NMR (400 mHz, methanol-d₄) δ 3.62 (m,2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.93 (m, 2H), 4.13 (m, 3H), 4.58 (m, 1H), 5.85 (m,2H), 6.14 (m, 2H), 6.36 (m, 2H), 6.77 (m, 1H), 6.96 (m, 5H) ppm.

B. In a similar manner, other compounds of formula (I) may be prepared:

C. A solution of(5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxa-7,9,11,13-hexadecatetraenoicacid, methyl ester, (25 mg, 59 nMol) in methanol (6 mL) was treated with1 N NaOH (aq) (25 μL, 25 μmol) solution and shaken and allowed to stand.Upon completion, the reaction was treated with saturated potassiummonophosphate. Purification by chromatography on an HP20 column elutedwith an aqueous methanol gradient gave 10 mg of(5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxa-7,9,11,13-hexadecatetraenoicacid; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 3.6 (m, 3H), 3.88 (m, 4H), 4.18 (m, 1H), 4.52 (m,1H), 5.84 (m, 2H), 6.03 (m, 2H), 6.34 (m, 2H), 6.74 (m, 1H), 6.95 (m,5H) ppm.

D. In a similar manner as described above, the following compounds offormula (I) are prepared:

-   (2E,5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxyhexa-2,7,9,11,13-decapentaenoic    acid;-   (2E,5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,5S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxyhexa-2,7,9,11,13-decapentaenoic    acid, methyl ester;-   (5R,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxa-7,9,11,13-hexadecatetraenoic    acid;-   (5R,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxa-7,9,11,13-hexadecatetraenoic    acid, methyl ester;-   (5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxa-7,9,11,13-hexadecatetraenamide;-   (5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-oxa-7,9,11,13-hexadecatetraenamide;-   (7S,8R,9E,11E,13Z,15E,17S)-18-(4-fluorophenoxy)-7,8,17-trihydroxy-5-oxa-9,11,13,15-octadecatetraenoic    acid;-   (7S,8R,9E,11E,13Z,15E,17S)-18-(4-fluorophenoxy)-7,8,17-trihydroxy-5-oxa-9,11,13,15-octadecatetraenoic    acid, methyl ester;-   (5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-thia-7,9,11,13-hexadecatetraenoic    acid;-   (5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-aza-7,9,    11,13-hexadecatetraenoic acid;-   (5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,15-dihydroxy-6-(methylamino)-3-oxa-7,9,11,13-hexadecatetraenoic    acid; and-   (5S,6R,7E,9E,11Z,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,15-dihydroxy-6-amino-3-oxa-7,9,11,13-hexadecatetraenoic    acid.

EXAMPLE 5

This example illustrates the preparation of representativepharmaceutical compositions for oral administration containing acompound of the invention, as a single stereoisomer, a mixture ofstereoisomers, or as a racemic mixture of stereoisomers; or as acyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

A. Ingredients % wt./wt. Compound of the invention 20.0% Lactose 79.5%Magnesium stearate 0.5%

The above ingredients are mixed and dispensed into hard-shell gelatincapsules containing 100 mg each, one capsule would approximate a totaldaily dosage.

B. Ingredients % wt./wt. Compound of the invention 20.0% Magnesiumstearate 0.9% Starch 8.6% Lactose 69.6% PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidine) 0.9%

The above ingredients with the exception of the magnesium stearate arecombined and granulated using water as a granulating liquid. Theformulation is then dried, mixed with the magnesium stearate and formedinto tablets with an appropriate tableting machine.

C. Ingredients Compound of the invention 0.1 g Propylene glycol 20.0 gPolyethylene glycol 400 20.0 g Polysorbate 80 1.0 g Water q.s. 100 mL

The compound of the invention is dissolved in propylene glycol,polyethylene glycol 400 and polysorbate 80. A sufficient quantity ofwater is then added with stirring to provide 100 mL of the solutionwhich is filtered and bottled.

D. Ingredients % wt./wt. Compound of the invention 20.0% Peanut Oil78.0% Span 60 2.0%

The above ingredients are melted, mixed and filled into soft elasticcapsules.

E. Ingredients % wt./wt. Compound of the invention 1.0% Methyl orcarboxymethyl cellulose 2.0% 0.9% saline q.s. 100 mL

The compound of the invention is dissolved in the cellulose/salinesolution, filtered and bottled for use.

EXAMPLE 6

This example illustrates the preparation of a representativepharmaceutical formulation for parenteral administration containing acompound of the invention, as a single stereoisomer, a mixture ofstereoisomers, or as a racemic mixture of stereoisomers; or as acyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

Ingredients Compound of the invention 0.02 g Propylene glycol 20.0 gPolyethylene glycol 400 20.0 g Polysorbate 80 1.0 g 0.9% Saline solutionq.s. 100 mL

The compound of the invention is dissolved in propylene glycol,polyethylene glycol 400 and polysorbate 80. A sufficient quantity of0.9% saline solution is then added with stirring to provide 100 mL ofthe I.V. solution which is filtered through a 0.2 m membrane filter andpackaged under sterile conditions.

EXAMPLE 7

This example illustrates the preparation of a representativepharmaceutical composition in suppository form containing a compound ofthe invention, as a single stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, oras a racemic mixture of stereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathratethereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

Ingredients % wt./wt. Compound of the invention 1.0% Polyethylene glycol1000 74.5% Polyethylene glycol 4000 24.5%

The ingredients are melted together and mixed on a steam bath, andpoured into molds containing 2.5 g total weight.

EXAMPLE 8

This example illustrates the preparation of a representativepharmaceutical formulation for insufflation containing a compound of theinvention, as a single stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, or as aracemic mixture of stereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathratethereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

Ingredients % wt./wt. Micronized compound of the invention 1.0%Micronized lactose 99.0%

The ingredients are milled, mixed, and packaged in an insufflatorequipped with a dosing pump.

EXAMPLE 9

This example illustrates the preparation of a representativepharmaceutical formulation in nebulized form containing a compound ofthe invention, as a single stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, oras a racemic mixture of stereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathratethereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

Ingredients % wt./wt. Compound of the invention 0.005% Water 89.995%Ethanol 10.000%

The compound of the invention is dissolved in ethanol and blended withwater. The formulation is then packaged in a nebulizer equipped with adosing pump.

EXAMPLE 10

This example illustrates the preparation of a representativepharmaceutical formulation in aerosol form containing a compound of theinvention, as a single stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, or as aracemic mixture of stereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathratethereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

Ingredients % wt./wt. Compound of the invention 0.10% Propellant 11/1298.90% Oleic acid 1.00%

The compound of the invention is dispersed in oleic acid and thepropellants. The resulting mixture is then poured into an aerosolcontainer fitted with a metering valve.

EXAMPLE 11 In Vitro Assay Trans-Epithelial and Trans-EndothelialMigration Assays

Culture of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC):

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cultured accordingto the methods disclosed in Serhan, C. N., et al., Biochemistry (1995),Vol. 34, No. 44, pp. 14509–14615. In particular, HUVEC were used atpassages 1 and 2 and were isolated by collegenase digestion (0.1%collagenase, CLS3; Worthington Biochem. Corp., Freehold, N.J.) andpropagated on gelatin-coated (1%) tissue culture plates (Costar Corp.,Cambridge, Mass.) in RPMI 1640 cell culture medium (BioWhittaker Inc.,Walkersville, Md.) supplemented with 15% bovine calf serum (BCS)(Hyclone Laboratories, Logan, Utah), 15% NU-serum (CollaborativeResearch Inc., Lexington, Mass.), 50 μg/mL endothelial mitogen(Biomedical Technologies Inc., Stoughton, Mass.), 8 units/mL heparin, 50units/mL penicillin, and 50 μg/mL streptomycin. For transmigrationassays HUVEC were seeded and grown to confluence on gelatin-coated (1%)polycarbonate permeable supports (inserts) with a surface area of 0.33cm² (Costar Inc., Cambridge, Mass.).

Epithelial Cell Culture:

T₈₄ cells were grown in a 1:1 mixture of Dulbecco's modified Eaglemedium and Hams F-12 medium supplemented with 15 mM HEPES buffer (pH7.5), 14 mM NaHCO₃, 40 μg/mL penicillin, 8 μg/mL ampicillin, 90 μg/mLstreptomycin, and 5% newborn calf serum (Dharmasathaphorn et al., 1990).For apical-to-basolateral transmigration experiments, T₈₄ monolayerswere grown on collagen-coated, polycarbonate permeable supports(inserts) with a surface area of 0.33 cm² (Costar Inc., Cambridge,Mass.) as described in Parkos, C. A., et al., J. Clin. Invest. (1991),Vol. 88, pp. 1605–1612. For physiologically directed,basolateral-to-apical neutrophil transmigration experiments, T₈₄ cellswere plated on the underside of 0.33 cm² polycarbonate filters that hadbeen lightly coated with rat-tail collagen as described in Parkos, C.A., et al. This permitted growth of inverted monolayers, which thusallowed neutrophils to settle by gravity into the immediatesubepithelial compartment.

Assay:

Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were isolated from normal humanvolunteers and suspended at a concentration of 5×10⁷ cells/mL inmodified Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS), without Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺,with 10 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, (Sigma). Prior to the addition of PMN, T₈₄epithelial or HUVEC endothelial cell monolayers were extensively rinsedin HBSS to remove residual serum components. PMN were pre-exposed tocompounds of the invention at concentrations ranging from 10⁻¹¹ to 10⁻⁷M for 15 minutes at 25° C. The transmigration assay was performed by theaddition of PMN (40 μl) to HBSS (containing Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, 160 μl) inthe upper chambers after chemoattractant (10 nM fMLP) was added to theopposing (lower) chambers. PMN were not washed free of the compounds ofthe invention prior to addition to monolayers. PMN (1×106) were added attime 0. Transmigration was allowed to proceed for 60 minutes. Allexperiments were performed in a 37° C. environment to ensure thatendothelial/epithelial monolayers, solutions, plasticware, etc., weremaintained at uniform 37° C. temperature. Transmigration was quantitatedby assaying for the PMN azurophilic granule marker myeloperoxidase(MPO). Following each transmigration assay, non-adherent PMN wereextensively washed from the surface of the monolayer and PMN cellequivalents (PMN CE), estimated from a standard curve, were assessed asthe number of PMN which had completely traversed the monolayer (i.e.,across the monolayer into the reservoir bath).

The compounds of the invention, when tested in this assay, demonstratedthe ability to inhibit the transmigration of PMN across polarizedmonolayers of epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells, which aresites of two important immune events in host defense and inflammation.

EXAMPLE 12 In Vivo Assay Chemotaxis Assay

Chemotaxis experiments were performed on freshly prepared humanneutrophils (PMN) obtained from whole blood donated by healthyvolunteers. Blood was anticoagulated (heparin), centrifuged at low speedand platelet-rich plasma removed by aspiration. The remaining blood wasmixed with an equal volume of phosphate buffered saline minus Ca⁺²/Mg⁺²,pH 7.4 (PBS^(−/−)) and an equal volume of 3% dextran in PBS^(−/−) wasadded, sample mixed and allowed to settle. The upper layer enriched forwhite blood cells (˜25 mL) was applied to a 15 mL cushion ofFicoll-Hypaque and centrifuged at 400 g for 30 minutes at 18–22° C. Theupper layers were aspirated and the PMN cell pellet subjected tohypotonic red blood cell lysis. PMN were washed twice and resuspended inHank's Balanced Salt Solution minus Ca⁺²/Mg⁺² pH 7.4 (HBSS^(−/−)) at1×10⁷ cells/mL in a centrifuge tube. 2.5 μM Calcein-AM (Molecular Probescat #C3100) was added and the cells incubated for 25 minutes at ambienttemperature, then placed in a 37° C. incubator for 5 minutes. The cellswere then centrifuged and washed twice in HBSS^(−/−) to remove residualCalcein-AM. Neutrophils were finally resuspended at 2×10⁷/mL withHBSS^(−/−)+10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4.

Chemotaxis assays were performed with specialized 96-well plates. The 3μm filter was bonded to a metallic frame and was selectively coated witha hydrophobic mask around each well. This hydrophobic mask allowed forthe direct addition of cells to the topside of the filter. Neutrophils(15 μL, 1.5×10⁵ cells/well) were added to the top of the ChemoTx® plate(Cat #101-3). For inhibition studies, PMN were pre-incubated for 15minutes with a compound of the invention. Prior to adding PMN to the topchamber, 30 μL of chemoattractant (10 nM FMLP or 10 nM LTB₄ or F-12culture medium (without phenol red) was added to the lower chamber, thefilter mat was then snapped in place and PMN added to the filter with an8-channel pipettor. The assay plates were incubated for 90 minutes at 5%CO₂+95% air at 37° C. After incubation, the filter mat was removed andthe plate was read in the Victor II plate reader (485 nm-excitation/535nm emission). The fluorescently tagged cells that have migrated throughthe filter into the lower chamber were measured.

When tested in this assay, the compounds of the invention demonstratedthe ability to inhibit human neutrophil chemotaxis.

EXAMPLE 13 In Vivo Assay Mouse Zymosan-Induced Peritonitis Model

The following assay was used to evaluate the ability of the compounds ofthe invention to inhibit inflammation characterized by cellularinfiltration into a localized area.

A compound of the invention in 0.1% ethanol/PBS vehicle was administeredvia intravenous, intra-peritoneal, subcutaneous or intra-gastricdelivery to six to eight week-old FVB mice (average 21 g) purchased fromCharles River Laboratories. For intra-gastric studies, 200 μL of eachcompound concentration were delivered using animal feeding needles.Approximately forty-five minutes later, 1 mL (1 mg/mL) zymosan A wasinjected into the peritoneum. Two and a half hours after theintra-peritoneal injection, mice were euthanized with an overdose ofisoflurane and peritoneal lavages with 5 mL of PBS containing calciumand magnesium were collected. Total leukocytes were enumerated by lightmicroscopy and percentage inhibition relative to vehicle control iscalculated. For differential inhibitory effects on neutrophils,eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes, ˜250,000 cells were transferredto glass slides and stained with 0.4% of Wright Giemsa Stain,differentiated by counting under a microscope (×40) and percentageinhibition relative to vehicle control calculated.

When tested in this assay, the compounds of the invention demonstratedthe ability to inhibit the migration of inflammatory cells (i.e.,neutrophiles, monocytes and lymphocytes) into the peritoneum.Accordingly, the compounds of the invention were shown to be useful intreating an inflammatory disorder in an in vivo model.

EXAMPLE 14 In Vivo Assay

The following assay may be performed in a similar manner as the assaydescribed in Campbell, E. M., et al., J. Immunol. (1998), Vol. 161, No.12, p. 7047–7053.

The assay utilizes CBA/J mice sensitized with soluble cockroachantigents in incomplete Freund's adjuvant intraperitoneally. The assayuses 6–8 animals in each group/time point, including a group forcontrols. After 14 days, the mice are sensitized again sensitized withsoluble cockroach antigen by an intranasal administration, followed 3–5days later with an intratracheal injection of cockroach antigen. Themice can be given a second intratracheal challenge at 48 hrspost-primary. Prior to the final challenge, the allergic mice receiveone of 3 doses of a compound of the invention. After 8 and 24 hourspost-challenge, the mice are examined for airway hyperreactivity and theaccumulation of leukocyte subsets are monitored in the bronchoalveolarlavage (BAL) and in histologic sections. The second challenge is givenat a time when there is a considerable amount of inflammation foundwithin and around the airway, including eosinophils. This scenario isrepresentative of what occurs in chronic asthmatics. This chronic stageresponse is much more severe and has significantly higher levels ofleukocyte infiltration and a synergistic increase in the numbers andactivation of eosinophils. This inflammation is dependent upon Th2 typeimmune responses. This analysis allows for the identification of whethera compound of the invention can attenuate the responses, i.e., leukocytemigration and the clinically relevant airway physiology.

In addition to the above analysis, various samples collected from thestudy, including the BAL fluid and lung tissue, further analysis may beperformed to determine the manner in which the compounds of theinvention are attenuating the responses. Specifically, cytokine (IL-4,IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-18, TNF, IFN, etc) levels in the BAL fluid andthe lung tissue homogenates can be analyzed, as well as histamine andeosinophil peroxidase levels (see Wu, W., et al., Journal of ClinicalInvestigation (2000), Vol. 105, pp. 1455–1463).

Animals:

Female C57/BL6 mice were purchased from either The Jackson Laboratory,(Bar Harbor, Me.) or Charles River Breeding Laboratories (Wilmington,Mass.) and were maintained under standard pathogen-free conditions. Allmaterials were obtained from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, Mo.)unless otherwise indicated.

Sensitization and Induction of the Airway Response:

Normal C57/BL6 mice were immunized with 10 μg of cockroach allergen(Bayer) in IFA on day 0. In order to localize the response to the lung,the mice were given an intranasal administration of 10 μg of cockroachallergen in 10 μL of diluent on day 14. This initial intranasal allergeninduced little cellular infiltrate into the lungs of the mice uponhistological examination. Mice were then challenged 6 days later(referred to hereafter as primary challenge response) by intratrachealadministration of 10 μg of cockroach allergen in 50 μL of sterile PBS orwith PBS alone (vehicle). The magnitude of leukocyte recruitment in boththe vehicle control and cockroach allergen-challenged mice was examinedhistologically. Only the cockroach allergen-challenged mice displayed asignificant inflammatory response that included mononuclear cell andeosinophil infiltration. Some mice were given a second intratrachealinjection of either cockroach allergen (10 μg in 50 μL) or diluentcontrol and subsequently analyzed (secondary rechallenge response). Inseparate studies, the effect of the anti-murine MIP-1α and anti-murineeotaxin polyclonal antibodies on cockroach allergen-induced responseswere assessed by giving sensitized mice an i.p. dose of the antibody(0.5 mL, titers of 10⁶/mL) at 1 hour prior to each allergen challenge.Normal rabbit serum (NRS) was used as a control. Polyclonal antibodieshad previously been demonstrated to block the chemotaxis of murineeosinophils in vitro.

Measurement of Airway Hyperactivity:

Airway hyperactivity was measured using Buxco mouse plethysmograph,which is specifically designed for the low tidal volumes (Buxco) aspreviously described in Lukacs, N. W., et al., J. Immunol. (1992), Vol.13, pp. 501. Briefly, the mouse to be tested was anesthetized withsodium pentobarbital and incubated via cannulation of the trachea withan 18-gauge metal tube. The mouse was subsequently ventilated with aHarvard pump ventilator (tidal volume=0.4 mL, frequency=120breaths/min., positive end-expiatory pressure 2.5 to 3.0 cm H₂O and thetail vein was cannulated with a 27-gauge needle for injection of themethacholine challenge. The plethysmograph was sealed and readings weremonitored by computer. Since the box was a closed system, a change inlung volume was represented by a change in box pressure (P_(box)), whichwas measured by a differential transducer. The system was calibratedwith a syringe that delivered a known volume of 2 mL. A secondtransducer was used to measure the pressure swings at the opening of thetrachea tube (P_(aw)), referenced to the body box (i.e., pleuralpressure, and to provide a measure of transpulmonary pressure(P_(tp)=P_(aw)−P_(box)). The trachea transducer was calibrated at aconstant pressure of 20 cm H₂O. Resistance was calculated by the Buxcosoftware by dividing the change in pressure (P_(tp)) by the change inflow (F) (δP_(tp)/δF; units=cm H₂O/mL/s) at two time points from thevolume curve, based upon a percentage of the inspiratory volume. Oncethe mouse was hooked up to the box it was ventilated for 5 minutes priorto acquiring readings. Once baseline levels were stabilized and initialreadings were taken, a methacholine challenge was given via thecannulated tail vein. After determining a dose-response curve (0.001 to0.5 mg), an optimal dose was chosen (0.1 mg of methacholine) which wasused throughout the rest of the experiments in this study. After themethacholine challenge, the response was monitored and the peak airwayresistance was recorded as a measure of airway hyperactivity.

Compounds of the invention, when tested in the above assay, demonstratedthe ability to decrease airway resistance in an animal model for asthma.

While the present invention has been described with reference to thespecific embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilledin the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may besubstituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of theinvention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt aparticular situation, material, composition of matter, process, processstep or steps, to the objective, spirit and scope of the presentinvention. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope ofthe claims appended hereto.

1. A compound of formula (II):

wherein: each R¹, R² and R³ are independently halo, —OR⁶, —SR⁶,—S(O)_(t)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2) or —N(R⁷)R⁸; or R¹ and R² together withthe carbons to which they are attached form a monocyclic heterocyclicstructure selected from the following:

or R¹ and R² together with the carbons to which they are attached formthe following bicyclical heterocyclic structure:

 (where q is 0 to 3, p is 1 to 4 and each R¹⁵ is hydrogen, alkyl,aralkyl or aryl); each R⁴ is —R⁹—R¹², —R⁹—R¹³—R¹¹, —R⁹—O—R¹⁰—R¹¹,—R⁹—O—R¹², —R⁹—C(O)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—N(R⁷)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—S(O)_(t)—R¹⁰—R¹¹(where t is 0 to 2), or —R⁹—C(F)₂—R⁹—R¹¹; each R⁵ is aryl (optionallysubstituted by one or more substituents selected from the groupconsisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl(optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy); eachR⁶ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R⁷, —C(S)R⁷,—C(O)OR¹⁴, —C(S)OR¹⁴, —C(O)N(R⁷)R⁸, or —C(S)N(R⁷)R⁸; each R⁷ isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; R⁸ isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R⁷, —C(O)OR¹⁴, orcycloalkyl (optionally substituted with one more substituents selectedfrom the group consisting of alkyl, —N(R⁷)₂, and —C(O)OR⁷); each R⁹ isindependently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;each R¹⁰ is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, astraight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylenechain or a cycloalkylene; each R¹¹ is independently —C(O)OR⁷,—C(O)N(R⁷)₂, —P(O)(OR⁷)₂, —S(O)₂OR⁷, —S(O)₂N(H)R⁷ or tetrazole; R¹² isaryl (substituted by —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally by one ormore substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy,halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (substituted by —C(O)OR⁷ or—C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally by one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy); R¹³is a branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain ora cycloalkylene; and R¹⁴ is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; as a singlestereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, a racemic mixture ofstereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1wherein: R¹, R² and R³ are each independently halo, —OR⁶, —SR⁶ or—N(R⁷)R⁸; each R⁴ is —R⁹—R¹²,—R⁹—R¹³—R¹¹, —R⁹—O—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—O—R¹²,—R⁹—C(O)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—N(R⁷)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—S(O)_(t)—R¹⁰—R¹¹ (where t is 0to 2), or —R⁹—C(F)₂—R⁹—R¹¹; R⁵ is aryl (optionally substituted by one ormore substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy,halo, and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by one or moresubstituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo,and haloalkoxy); each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl,—C(O)R⁷ or —C(O)OR⁷; each R⁷ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, oraralkyl; R⁸ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, orcycloalkyl (optionally substituted with one more substituents selectedfrom the group consisting of alkyl, —N(R⁷)₂, and —C(O)OR⁷); each R⁹ isindependently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;each R¹⁰ is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, astraight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylenechain or a cycloalkylene; each R¹¹ is independently —C(O)OR⁷ or—C(O)N(R⁷)₂; R¹² is aryl (substituted by —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂ andoptionally by one or more substituents selected from the groupconsisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl(substituted by —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally by one or moresubstituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, haloand haloalkoxy); R¹³ is a branched alkylene chain, a straight orbranched alkenylene chain or a cycloalkylene.
 3. The compound of claim 2wherein: R¹, R² and R³ are each independently halo, —OR⁶, or —SR⁶; R⁴ is—R⁹—O—R¹⁰—R¹¹; R⁵ is aryl (optionally substituted by one or moresubstituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo,and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by one or moresubstituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo,and haloalkoxy); each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, oraralkyl; each R⁷ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; R⁹is a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain; R¹⁰ is anstraight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylenechain, a straight or branched alkynylene chain or a cycloalkylene; andR¹¹ is —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂.
 4. The compound of claim 3 wherein: R¹,R² and R³ are each —OR⁶; R⁴ is —R⁹—O—R¹⁰—R¹¹; R⁵ is aryl (optionallysubstituted by one or more substituents selected from the groupconsisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and haloalkoxy); R⁶ is hydrogen,alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; each R⁷ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl,or aralkyl; R⁹ is a direct bond; R¹⁰ is a straight or branched alkylenechain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain, or a straight orbranched alkynylene chain; and R¹¹ is —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂.
 5. Thecompound of claim 4 selected from the group consisting of:(5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoicacid, methyl ester;(5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoicacid;(5S,6S,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoicacid, methyl ester; and(5S,6S,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoicacid.
 6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising one or morepharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s) and a therapeutically effectiveamount of a compound of formula (II):

wherein: each R¹, R² and R³ are independently halo, —OR⁶, —SR⁶,—S(O)_(t)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2) or —N(R⁷)R⁸; or R¹ and R² together withthe carbons to which they are attached form a monocyclic heterocyclicstructure selected from the following:

or R¹ and R² together with the carbons to which they are attached formthe following bicyclic heterocyclic structure:

 (where q is 0 to 3, p is 1 to 4 and each R¹⁵ is hydrogen, alkyl,aralkyl or aryl); each R⁴ is —R⁹—R¹², —R⁹—R¹³—R¹¹, —R⁹—O—R¹⁰—R¹¹,—R⁹—O—R¹², —R⁹—C(O)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—N(R⁷)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—S(O)_(t)—R¹⁰—R¹¹(where t is 0 to 2), or —R⁹—C(F)₂—R⁹—R¹¹; each R⁵ is aryl (optionallysubstituted by one or more substituents selected from the groupconsisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl(optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy); eachR⁶ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R⁷, —C(S)R⁷,—C(O)OR¹⁴, —C(S)OR¹⁴, —C(O)N(R⁷)R⁸, or —C(S)N(R⁷)R⁸; each R⁷ isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; R⁸ isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R⁷, —C(O)OR¹⁴, orcycloalkyl (optionally substituted with one more substituents selectedfrom the group consisting of alkyl, —N(R⁷)₂, and —C(O)OR⁷); each R⁹ isindependently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;each R¹⁰ is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, astraight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylenechain or a cycloalkylene; each R¹¹ is independently —C(O)OR⁷,—C(O)N(R⁷)₂, —P(O)(OR⁷)₂, —S(O)₂OR⁷, —S(O)₂N(H)R⁷ or tetrazole; R¹² isaryl (substituted by —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally by one ormore substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy,halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (substituted by —C(O)OR⁷ or—C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally by one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy); R¹³is a branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain ora cycloalkylene; and R¹⁴ is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; as a singlestereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, a racemic mixture ofstereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 7. A method of treating aninflammatory or autoimmune disorder in a mammal, wherein the methodcomprises administering to the mammal in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound of formula (II):

wherein: each R¹, R² and R³ are independently halo, —OR⁶, —SR⁶,—S(O)_(t)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2) or —N(R⁷)R⁸; or R¹ and R² together withthe carbons to which they are attached form a monocyclic heterocyclicstructure selected from the following:

or R¹ and R² together with the carbons to which they are attached formthe following bicyclic heterocyclic structure:

 (where q is 0 to 3, p is 1 to 4 and each R¹⁵ is hydrogen, alkyl,aralkyl or aryl); each R⁴ is —R⁹—R¹², —R⁹—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—O—R¹⁰—R¹¹,—R⁹—O—R¹², —R⁹—C(O)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—N(R⁷)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—S(O)_(t)—R¹⁰—R¹¹(where t is 0 to 2), or —R⁹—C(F)₂—R⁹—R¹¹; each R⁵ is aryl (optionallysubstituted by one or more substituents selected from the groupconsisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl(optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy); eachR⁶ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R⁷, —C(S)R⁷,—C(O)OR¹⁴, —C(S)OR⁴, —C(O)N(R⁷)R⁸, or —C(S)N(R⁷)R⁸; each R⁷ isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; R⁸ isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R⁷, —C(O)OR¹⁴, orcycloalkyl (optionally substituted with one more substituents selectedfrom the group consisting of alkyl, —N(R⁷)₂, and —C(O)OR⁷); each R⁹ isindependently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;each R¹⁰ is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, astraight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylenechain or a cycloalkylene; each R¹¹ is independently —C(O)OR⁷,—C(O)N(R⁷)₂, —P(O)(OR⁷)₂, —S(O)₂OR⁷, —S(O)₂N(H)R⁷ or tetrazole; R¹² isaryl (substituted by —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally by one ormore substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy,halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (substituted by —C(O)OR or—C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally by one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy); R¹³is a branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain ora cycloalkylene; and R¹⁴ is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; as a singlestereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, a racemic mixture ofstereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 8. The method of claim 7wherein the mammal is a human.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein theinflammatory or autoimmune disorder is selected from the groupconsisting of: allergic contact dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, chemicaland non-specific irritant contact dermatitis, urticaria, atopicdermatitis, psoriasis, acute myocardial ischemia and infarction, acutehemorrhagic or ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoidarthritis, osteoarthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, acute andchronic organ transplant rejection, transplant arteriosclerosis andfibrosis, hypertension, atherosclerosis, aneurysm, critical legischemia, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, Reynaud's syndrome,diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy,delayed neurodegeneration in stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson'sdisease, benign prostatic hyperplasia, leukemia, lymphoma, prostatecancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, renal carcinoma,head and neck tumors and colorectal cancer.
 10. A method of treatingpulmonary or respiratory tract inflammation in a mammal, wherein themethod comprises adminstering to the mammal in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (II):

wherein: each R¹, R² and R³ are independently halo, —OR⁶, —SR⁶,—S(O)_(t)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2 ) or —N(R⁷)R⁸; or R¹ and R² together withthe carbons to which they are attached form a monocyclic heterocyclicstructure selected from the following:

or R¹ and R² together with the carbons to which they are attached formthe following bicyclic heterocyclic structure:

 (where q is 0 to 3, p is 1 to 4 and each R¹⁵ is hydrogen, alkyl,aralkyl or aryl); each R⁴ is —R⁹—R¹², —R⁹—R¹³—R¹¹, —R⁹—O—R¹⁰—R¹¹,—R⁹—O—R¹², —R⁹—C(O)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—N(R⁷)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—S(O)_(t)—R¹⁰—R¹¹(where t is 0 to 2), or —R⁹—C(F)₂—R⁹—R¹¹; each R⁵ is aryl (optionallysubstituted by one or more substituents selected from the groupconsisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl(optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy); eachR⁶ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R⁷, —C(S)R⁷,—C(O)OR¹⁴, —C(S)OR¹⁴, —C(O)N(R⁷)R⁸, or —C(S)N(R⁷)R⁸; each R⁷ isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; R⁸ isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R⁷, —C(O)OR¹⁴, orcycloalkyl (optionally substituted with one more substituents selectedfrom the group consisting of alkyl, —N(R⁷)₂, and —C(O)OR⁷); each R⁹ isindependently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;each R¹⁰ is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, astraight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylenechain or a cycloalkylene; each R¹¹ is independently —C(O)OR⁷,—C(O)N(R⁷)₂, —P(O)(OR⁷)₂, —S(O)₂OR⁷, —S(O)₂N(H)R⁷ or tetrazole; R¹² isaryl (substituted by —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally by one ormore substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy,halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (substituted by —C(O)OR⁷ or—C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally by one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy); R¹³is a branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain ora cycloalkylene; and R¹⁴ is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; as a singlestereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, a racemic mixture ofstereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 11. The method of claim 10wherein the mammal is a human.
 12. The method of claim 7 wherein theinflammatory or autoimmune disorder is selected from the groupconsisting of: septic or endotoxic shock, hemorrhagic shock, shock-likesyndromes, capillary leak syndrome induced by cancer immunotherapy,acute respiratory distress syndrome, traumatic shock, immune- andpathogen-induced pneumonias, immune-complex-mediated pulmonary injury,immune-complex-mediated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,inflammatory bowel disease, acute renal failure, ischemic bowel disease,immune-complex-mediated glomerulonephritis, insulin-dependent diabetesmellitus, ocular disorders, HIV dementia, encephalitis, inflammatory andneuropathic pain, periodontal disease, and ear infections.
 13. Themethod of claim 12 wherein the inflammatory or autoimmune disorder is aninflammatory bowel disease selected from the group consisting of Crohn'sdisease, ulcerative colitis and gastrointestinal ulcers.
 14. The methodof claim 13 wherein the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease.15. A method of inhibiting acute or chronic inflammation in a mammal,wherein the method comprises adminstering to the mammal in need thereofa therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (II):

wherein: each R¹, R² and R³ are independently halo, —OR⁶, —SR⁶,—S(O)_(t)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2 ) or —N(R⁷)R⁸; or R¹ and R² together withthe carbons to which they are attached form a monocyclic heterocyclicstructure selected from the following:

or R¹ and R² together with the carbons to which they are attached formthe following bicyclic heterocyclic structure:

 (where q is 0 to 3, p is 1 to 4 and each R¹⁵ is hydrogen, alkyl,aralkyl or aryl); each R⁴ is —R⁹—R¹², —R⁹—R¹³—R¹¹, —R⁹—O—R¹⁰—R¹¹,—R⁹—O—R¹², —R⁹—C(O)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—N(R⁷)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—S(O)_(t)—R¹⁰—R¹¹(where t is 0 to 2), or —R⁹—C(F)₂—R⁹—R¹¹; each R⁵ is aryl (optionallysubstituted by one or more substituents selected from the groupconsisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl(optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy); eachR⁶ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R⁷, —C(S)R⁷,—C(O)OR¹⁴, —C(S)OR¹⁴, —C(O)N(R⁷)R⁸, or —C(S)N(R⁷)R⁸; each R⁷ isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; R⁸ isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R⁷, —C(O)OR¹⁴, orcycloalkyl (optionally substituted with one more substituents selectedfrom the group consisting of alkyl, —N(R⁷)₂, and —C(O)OR⁷); each R⁹ isindependently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;each R¹⁰ is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, astraight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylenechain or a cycloalkylene; each R¹¹ is independently —C(O)OR⁷,—C(O)N(R⁷)₂, —P(O)(OR⁷)₂, —S(O)₂OR⁷, —S(O)₂N(H)R⁷ or tetrazole; R¹² isaryl (substituted by —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally by one ormore substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy,halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (substituted by —C(O)OR⁷ or—C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally by one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy); R¹³is a branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain ora cycloalkylene; and R¹⁴ is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; as a singlestereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, a racemic mixture ofstereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 16. A method of inhibiting aninflammatory or autoimmune response in a mammal, wherein the methodcomprises adminstering to the mammal in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound of formula (II):

wherein: each R¹, R² and R³ are independently halo, —OR⁶, —SR⁶,—S(O)_(t)R⁷ (where t is 1 or 2) or —N(R⁷)R⁸; or R¹ and R² together withthe carbons to which they are attached form a monocyclic heterocyclicstructure selected from the following:

or R¹ and R² together with the carbons to which they are attached formthe following bicyclic heterocyclic structure:

 (where q is 0 to 3, p is 1 to 4 and each R¹⁵ is hydrogen, alkyl,aralkyl or aryl); each R⁴ is —R⁹—R¹², —R⁹—R¹³—R¹¹, —R⁹—O—R¹⁰—R¹¹,—R⁹—O—R¹², —R⁹—C(O)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—N(R⁷)—R¹⁰—R¹¹, —R⁹—S(O)_(t)—R¹⁰—R¹¹(where t is 0 to 2), or —R⁹—C(F)₂—R⁹—R¹¹; each R⁵ is aryl (optionallysubstituted by one or more substituents selected from the groupconsisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl(optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy); eachR⁶ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R⁷, —C(S)R⁷,—C(O)OR¹⁴, —C(S)OR¹⁴, —C(O)N(R⁷)R⁸, or —C(S)N(R⁷)R⁸; each R⁷ isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; R⁸ isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R⁷, —C(O)OR¹⁴, orcycloalkyl (optionally substituted with one more substituents selectedfrom the group consisting of alkyl, —N(R⁷)₂, and —C(O)OR⁷); each R⁹ isindependently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;each R¹⁰ is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, astraight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylenechain or a cycloalkylene; each R¹¹ is independently —C(O)OR⁷,—C(O)N(R⁷)₂, —P(O)(OR⁷)₂, —S(O)₂OR⁷, —S(O)₂N(H)R⁷ or tetrazole; R¹² isaryl (substituted by —C(O)OR⁷ or —C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally by one ormore substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy,halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (substituted by —C(O)OR⁷ or—C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally by one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy); R¹³is a branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain ora cycloalkylene; and R¹⁴ is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; as a singlestereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, a racemic mixture ofstereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 17. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 6 wherein the compound of formula (II) is acompound of formula (II) wherein: R¹, R² and R³ are each independentlyhalo, -OR⁶, -SR⁶ or -N(R⁷)R⁸; each R⁴ is -R⁹-R¹², -R⁹-R¹³-R¹¹,-R⁹-O-R¹², -R⁹-C(O)-R¹⁰-R¹¹, -R⁹-N(R⁷)-R¹⁰-R¹¹, -R⁹-S(O)_(t)-R¹⁰-R¹¹(where t is 0 to 2), or -R⁹-C(F)₂-R⁹-R¹¹; R⁵ is aryl (optionallysubstituted by one or more substituents selected from the groupconsisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl(optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and haloalkoxy); each R⁶ isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, -C(O)R⁷ or -C(O)OR⁷; each R⁷ isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; R⁸ is independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or cycloalkyl (optionally substitutedwith one more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl,-N(R⁷)₂, and -C(O)0R⁷); each R⁹ is independently a direct bond or astraight or branched alkylene chain; each R¹⁰ is independently astraight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylenechain, a straight or branched alkynylene chain or a cycloalkylene; eachR¹¹ is independently -C(O)OR⁷ or -C(O)N(R⁷)₂; R¹² is aryl (substitutedby -C(O)OR⁷ or -C(O)N(R⁷)₂ and optionally by one or more substituentsselected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo andhaloalkoxy) or aralkyl (substituted by -C(O)OR⁷ or -C(O)N(R⁷)₂ andoptionally by one or more substituents selected from the groupconsisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo and haloalkoxy); R¹³ is a branchedalkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or acycloalkylene.
 18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 17 whereinthe compound of formula (II) is a compound of formula (II) wherein: R¹,R² and R³ are each independently halo, -OR⁶, or -SR⁶; R⁴ is-R⁹-O-R¹⁰-R¹¹; R⁵ is aryl (optionally substituted by one or moresubstituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo,and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by one or moresubstituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo,and haloalkoxy); each R⁶ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, oraralkyl; each R⁷ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; R⁹is a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain; R¹⁰ is anstraight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylenechain, a straight or branched alkynylene chain or a cycloalkylene; andR¹¹ is -C(O)OR⁷ or -C(O)N(R⁷)₂.
 19. The pharmaceutical composition ofclaim 18 wherein the compound of formula (II) is a compound of formula(II) wherein: R¹, R² and R³ are each -OR⁶; R⁴ is -R⁹-O-R¹⁰-R¹¹; R⁵ isaryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected fromthe group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and haloalkoxy); R⁶ ishydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; each R⁷ is independently hydrogen,alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; R⁹ is a direct bond; R¹⁰ is a straight orbranched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain, or astraight or branched alkynylene chain; and R¹¹ is -C(O)OR⁷ or-C(O)N(R⁷)₂.
 20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 19 wherein thecompound of formula (II) is selected from the group consisting of:(5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoicacid, methyl ester;(5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoicacid;(5S,6S,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoicacid, methyl ester; and(5S,6S,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoicacid.